L'Afar
Dossier réalisé pour Eduterre- IFE par Marie-José Broussaud.
Cette création est mise à disposition sous un contrat Creative Commons.

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Topographie et bathymétrie
Données de NGDC NOAA MGG

Legende-topographie

NOAA NGDC logo

Volcans Afrique et Mer Rouge
Volcans ayant eu des éruptions au cours de la période de l'Holocène (environ 10.000 dernières années) ou présentant des troubles actuels.
Données Volcano World site.
Information courtesy of the Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution.

Africa and Red Sea

Africa (northeastern) and Red Sea

Tair, Jebel at
Africa (northeastern) and Red Sea
Volcano type:
Stratovolcano
Summit Elev: 244 m
Latitude: 15.55°N
Longitude: 41.83°E
The basaltic Jebel at Tair volcano rises from a 1200 m depth in the south-central Red Sea, forming an oval-shaped island about 3 km long. Jebel at Tair (one of many variations of the name, including Djebel Teyr, Jabal al Tayr, and Jibbel Tir ) is the northernmost known Holocene volcano in the Red Sea and lies SW of the Farisan Islands. Youthful basaltic pahoehoe lava flows from the steep-sided central vent, Jebel Duchan, cover most of the island. They drape a circular cliff cut by wave erosion of an older edifice and extend beyond it to form a flat coastal plain. Pyroclastic cones are located along the NW and southern coasts, and fumarolic activity occurs from two uneroded scoria cones at the summit. Radial fissures extend from the summit, some of which were the sources of lava flows. The island is of Holocene age, and explosive eruptions were reported in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Smithsonian Volcano Information

Zukur
Africa (northeastern) and Red Sea
Volcano type:
Shield
Summit Elev: 624 m
Latitude: 14.02°N
Longitude: 42.75°E
Zukur (Zugar), the northernmost large island of the Zukur-Hanish island group in the southern Red Sea, is formed of Holocene basaltic pyroclastic cones and spatter cones that issued youthful-looking pahoehoe lava flows. This island group, in contrast to other Red Sea islands such as Jebel at Tair or the Zubair Islands, lies in shallow waters south of the Red Sea median trough. Products of phreatic eruptions at Zukur form small islands and coastal cones. Late-stage trachytic lava domes produced viscous lava flows. Vents on Zukur are aligned along a NE-SW trend.
Smithsonian Volcano Information

Hanish
Volcano type:
Shield
Summit Elev: 422 m
Latitude: 13.72°N
Longitude: 42.73°E
The Hanish Islands are formed from a series of volcanic vents along a NE-SW trend, and include the Holocene Great Hanish, Little Hanish, and many other small islands and submarine shoals. The Zukur-Hanish island group, in contrast to other Red Sea islands such as Jebel at Tair or the Zubair Islands, lies in shallow waters south of the Red Sea median trough. Spatter cones, cinder cones, and ash cones line the crest of the 20-km-long Great Hanish island. Short lava flows reach the coast on both sides of the island. As with the Zukur group to the north, initial eruptions were phreatic. Subsequently basaltic cinder cones were formed, and spatter cones produced fluid lava flows.
Smithsonian Volcano Information

Zubair Group
Shield
The 5-km-long Jebel Zubair Island is the largest of a group of 10 small islands and submerged shoals that rise from a shallow platform in the Red Sea rift. The platform and eruptive vents forming the islands and shoals of the Zubair Group are oriented NNW-SSE, parallel to the rift. An early explosive phase was followed by a brief period of marine erosion, and then by renewed explosive activity accompanied by the extrusion of basaltic pahoehoe lava flows. This latest phase of activity occurred on the morphologically youngest islands of Zubair, Centre Peak, Saba, and Haycock. Historical explosive activity was reported from Saddle Island in the 19th century. Spatter cones and pyroclastic cones were erupted along fissures that form the low spine of Zubair Island.

Jalua
Stratovolcano
Jalua, the northernmost volcano in the Eritrea/Ethiopia area, occupies an isolated location in the arid Danakil depression. It contains a large, central volcanotectonic depression that is open to the Zula Gulf and an isolated central cone. Jalua lies NW of basaltic lava flows of the Alid graben and south of the Zula Gulf. No historical eruptions are known, although fumarolic activity continues on its western flank. The nomenclature of volcanic features in the Afar region reflects that of the two dominant ethnic groups, the Afar (on the Ethiopian side) and the Issas (in the SE Afar depression). Each group has their own names for physiographic features, and consequently more than one name may apply to the same feature. A similar situation occurs throughout Ethiopia, where names often reflect local politics.

Dallol
Explosion crater(s)
Summit Elev: -48 m
Numerous phreatic explosion craters dot the Salt Plain NNE of the Erta Ale Range in one of the lowest areas of the desolate Danakil depression. These craters mark Earth's lowest known subaerial volcanic vents. The most recent of these craters, Dallol, lies 48 m below sea level and was formed during an eruption in 1926. Colorful hot brine springs are found in the Dallol area. Another phreatic explosion was observed in January 2011.

Alid
Stratovolcano
Alid is an isolated, dissected volcano in the central Danakil depression. The volcano is elongated in an E-W direction perpendicular to the orientation of the Alid graben. Alid consists of a structural dome of uplifted sedimentary rocks, capped by basaltic-to-rhyolitic lava flows, that rises 700 m above the graben floor. Late-stage rhyolitic eruptions during the late Pleistocene ejected rhyolitic pumice. Steep-sided lava flows drape the flanks of the structural dome, which was produced by intrusion of a silicic magma body. A 2 x 3 km graben cuts the top of the dome, and the crater that produced the plinian eruption occupies the western third of the summit depression. Vast lava fields of probable Holocene age originating from fissure vents bank up against the flanks of Alid to the NW and SE. Small cones and craters that were the source of the flows are localized along NNW-trending fissures. Fumarolic activity continues from broad areas on the northern summit and flank.

Gada Ale
Gada Ale, also known as Kebrit Ale, is the most prominent volcano at the northern end of the Erta Ale Range. It is formed of interstratified lava flows and hyaloclastites. Fumarolic activity is continuing, and a small lake filled by boiling mud occupies the crater. Like other Erta Ale Range volcanoes, Gada Ale is considered to be of Holocene age (Barberi and Varet, 1970). A fissure on the SE flank has produced spatter cones and a cinder cone; the latter fed lava flows that reach to Lake Bakili. The symmetrical Catherine tuff ring is located along this same SE trend west of Lake Bakili, and other tuff rings occur on the east side of the lake. A 2-km-wide salt dome west of Gada Ale has uplifted lava flows as much as 100 m, and the structure of Gada Ale itself also appears to be related to salt diapir uplift.

Alu-Dalafilla
Fissure vent(s)
The summit region of Alu, ~5 km NW of the Dalafilla stratovolcano, is an ellipsoidal volcanic horst, elongated NNW-SSE, and formed primarily of older basaltic lava flows. Recent fractures along the axis of the Erta Ale range cut the main horst of Alu and areas to the SSE. Major fumarolic activity is located on the numerous parallel faults, some of which have uplifts of 100 m. Fissure vents west of the horst have fed silicic lava flows, and voluminous youthful basaltic lava flows to the east extend north as far as Lake Bakili. Dalafilla, also referred to as Gabuli, is a steep-sided cone that rises 300 m above surrounding lava fields due to extrusion of viscous, silicic lava flows that extend primarily to the east. Basaltic lava flows from regional fissures surround the volcano. Fumarolic activity occurs in the 100-m-wide summit crater and has weathered surrounding lava flows. The first historical eruption of Alu-Dalafilla took place in 2008, when lava flows from vents between the two edifices traveled NE.

Bora Ale
Bora Ale is a complex volcano located near the center of the Erta Ale Range. The earliest activity formed submarine lava flows partially covered by Quaternary reef deposits. An embryonic shield volcano is located on the SW side of the complex and is cut by curvilinear faults; youthful chains of spatter cones follow this same curvilinear pattern and form concentric semi-circles. The 668-m-high summit is located on the NE side of the massif and consists of a silicic stratovolcano that is the largest of the Erte Ale Range. It has produced steep-sided viscous lava flows that have traveled up to 5 km from the volcano. Strong fumarolic activity occurs within a 300-m-wide summit crater. Regional faulting has fed very recent basaltic lava flows from a NNW-trending fissure that cuts the stratovolcano.

Erta Ale
Erta Ale is an isolated basaltic shield volcano that is the most active volcano in Ethiopia. The broad, 50-km-wide edifice rises more than 600 m from below sea level in the barren Danakil depression. Erta Ale is the namesake and most prominent feature of the Erta Ale Range. The 613-m-high volcano contains a 0.7 x 1.6 km, elliptical summit crater housing steep-sided pit craters. Another larger 1.8 x 3.1 km wide depression elongated parallel to the trend of the Erta Ale range is located to the SE of the summit and is bounded by curvilinear fault scarps on the SE side. Fresh-looking basaltic lava flows from these fissures have poured into the caldera and locally overflowed its rim. The summit caldera is renowned for one, or sometimes two long-term lava lakes that have been active since at least 1967, or possibly since 1906. Recent fissure eruptions have occurred on the northern flank.

Hayli Gubbi
Hayli Gubbi is the southernmost volcano of the Erta Ale Range. Recent tectonism has created a graben at the summit of 521-m-high volcano. A symmetrical scoria cone with a 200-m-wide crater displaying fumarolic activity occupies the center of the graben. An older shield volcano is covered on the north by recent fissure-fed lava flows. Lava flows from the axial portion of a fissure system extending to the south have reached the floor of the Giulietti Plain south of the Erta Ale Range. The open fissures extend for more than 10 km and are lined with dozens of small spatter cones and pit craters. The distal portion of lava flows issuing from the fissure system cover 8200-year-old sedimentary deposits on the Giuletti Plain.

Ale Bagu
Ale Bagu, also known as Ummuna, is an elongated, 1031-m-high stratovolcano located SW of Erta Ale volcano. It is the highest of the Erta Ale Range volcanoes and is located west of the axis of the range. In contrast to other volcanoes of the Erta Ale Range, it is mantled by basaltic pyroclastic rocks. Summit craters are elongated along a NNW-SSE trend. The main crater is a steep-walled, 750 x 450 m depression occupied by a steep-sided lava cone that has fed trachytic lava flows over the crater floor. Silicic lavas from the axial regional fissure extend to the NW and SE.

Nabro
The 2218-m-high Nabro stratovolcano is the highest volcano in the Danakil depression of northern Ethiopia and Eritrea. Located at the SE end of the Danakil Alps, Nabro lies in the Danakil horst and is the most prominent of three volcanoes with large summit calderas aligned in a NE-SW direction SW of Dubbi volcano. nabro, along with Mallahle, Asavyo, and Sork Ale volcanoes, collectively comprise the Bidu volcanic complex. This complex stratovolcano constructed primarily of trachytic lava flows and pyroclastics, is truncated by nested calderas 8 and 5 km in diameter. The larger caldera is widely breached to the SW. Rhyolitic obsidian domes and basaltic lava flows were erupted inside the caldera and on its flanks. Some very recent lava flows were erupted from NNW-trending fissures transverse to the trend of the volcanic range.

Mallahle
Mallahle is the central of three NE-SW-trending stratovolcanoes (along with Asavyo and Nabro) in the Danakil horst SW of Dubbi volcano. These volcanoes, plus Sork'Ale, form the Bidu volcanic complex. The complex stratovolcano is truncated by a steep-walled 6-km-wide caldera, and is formed of rhyolitic lava flows and pyroclastics. Basaltic lava flows blanket the slopes. Recent obsidian flows are found on the NW flank, and older obsidian flows were erupted on the northern caldera floor. Flank spatter and scoria cones are most numerous on the western side of the volcano. Extensive ignimbrite deposits associated with the collapse of Mallahle and Nabro volcanoes blanket the countryside.

Sork Ale
Sork Ale is a silicic stratovolcano located in the Danakil horst SW of Dubbi volcano. Also known as Asdaga, it was constructed perpendicular to the NE-SW orientation of three larger stratovolcanoes (Nabro, Mallahle, and Asavyo) with which it forms the Bidu volcanic complex at the southern end of the Danakil Alps. A small, roughly 1-km-wide, 300-m-deep steep-walled caldera is found at the summit of the 1611-m-high volcano. Basaltic lava flows are prominent on the E side of the volcano, and satellite vents are located on the SE flank. The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (1973) listed Sork Ale as probably active during the last 2000 years, but Wood (1980 pers. comm.) considered Holocene activity unlikely. The flanks are extensively dissected on the SW to NE sides, but less dissected flows form the eastern-to-southern flanks.

Asavyo
Asavyo is the SW-most of three large silicic stratovolcanoes (along with Mallahle and Nabro) constructed along a NE-SW-trending line in the Danakil horst. A large 12-km-wide caldera truncates the summit. Basaltic lava flows blanket the flanks, which merge into the Mogorros plains to the south. Although the age of the volcano is not known precisely, Asavyo was considered to have erupted during last 2000 years (International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, 1973). A large post-caldera cone was constructed near the center of the caldera, and smaller pyroclastic cones occur within the caldera and on its flanks.

Mat Ala
Mat Ala is a low, ~500-m-high shield in the southern Tat Ali Range, east of Afderà volcano. A 300-m-deep, 2.5 x 3.5 km wide caldera is found at the summit of the volcano, whose flanks are cut by numerous N-S-trending faults. Mat Ala has been active during the Holocene, and fumarolic activity occurs along a fissure SW of the volcano.

Tat Ali
Tat Ali volcano is the dominant feature of the Tat Ali Range, east of Lake Afrera. The low Holocene shield volcano has an elongated summit depression and has produced a variety of rock types, ranging from basalts to pantellerites. NNW-SSE-trending fissures cutting the volcano have fed basaltic lava flows; those NE of Lake Afrera are of prehistorical age. Late-stage volcanism produced youthful basaltic lava flows on the floor of the summit depression, which is also the site of prominent fumarolic activity.

Borawli
Borawli stratovolcano rises above the eastern shore of Lake Afrera, also known as Lake Giulietti. The upper part of the ~800-m-high conical edifice consists of trachytic lava flows overlying older basaltic flows. Young pantelleritic obsidian domes south of the volcano are the probable source of rounded pumice fragments found around Lake Afrera.

Dubbi
Dubbi, located east of the Erta Ale Range and south of the crystalline basement rocks of the Danakil Alps, is a large volcanic massif that rises to 1625 m above the western shore of the Red Sea. About 20 small cinder cones are located at the summit, and extensive basaltic lava fields to the north and NE, known as the Edd lava field, cover an area of 2700 sq km and reach the Red Sea coast. The two most-recent eruptive centers are fissure systems that extend NW-SE and NNE-SSW. The former produced lava flows that reached the Red Sea in 1400 CE. The second created 19 small craters at the summit in 1861. Ash fell more than 300 km from the volcano. Two villages were destroyed and more than 100 persons were killed during Africa's largest eruption in historical time. Lava flows from the 1861 eruption traveled as far as 22 km and reached the coast.

Ma Alalta
The Ma Alalta volcano, also known as Pierre Pruvost, is an 1815-m-high stratovolcano located well to the west of the Danakil depression at the foot of the regional Ethiopian scarp. It is situated between two large horsts of uplifted basement blocks. A large trachytic and rhyolitic stratovolcano at the center of the complex contains nested oval-shaped summit calderas, 8 x 5 km and 5 x 2.5 km wide. Ignimbrite deposits, perhaps associated with formation of the larger caldera, extend beyond the volcano primarily to the NE and SE. Young basaltic lava flows were erupted on the NW, SE, and E flanks of the volcano. Recent silicic activity has produced pantelleritic obsidian domes and lava flows on the southern flank. Fumarolic activity continues at one of the domes.

Alayta
The massive Alayta shield volcano covers an area of 2700 sq km in the western Danakil depression SW of Lake Afrera. A series of very recent craters is aligned along the NNW-trending axis of the basaltic-to-trachytic shield. The lava field, covered by very fresh flows, was erupted from N-S-trending fissures along the east side of the shield volcano and laps up against the western flank of Afderà volcano. Two historical eruptions that were formerly attributed to Afderà actually originated from Alayta. One of those eruptions, in 1907, produced a large lava flow from a SE-flank vent. Fumarolic activity occurs at two locations in the southern part of the complex.

Dabbahu
Dabbahu (also known as Boina, Boyna, or Moina) is a Pleistocent-to-Holocene volcanic massif forming an axial range of the Afar depression SSW of the Alayta massif. Late-stage pantelleritic obsidian flows, lava domes, and pumice cones form the summit and upper flanks of the volcano, which rises above the Teru Plain and was built over a volumetrically dominant base of basaltic-to-trachyandesitic lava flows of a shield volcano. Late-stage basaltic fissure eruptions also occurred at the NW base of the volcano. Abundant fumaroles are located along the crest of the volcano and extend NE towards Alayta volcano. The first historical eruption of Dabbahu took place from a fissure vent on the NE flank in September 2005, producing ashfall deposits and a small pumice dome. More than 6000 persons were evacuated from neighboring villages.

Dabbayra
Dabbayra, the westernmost volcano of the Afar depression, was constructed along an offshoot of the Ethiopian escarpment, SW of the Teru plain. In contrast to structural trends in other parts of Afar, Dabbayra (also known as Bar-Ali) consists of a basaltic shield volcano elongated in an ENE-WSW direction. The only silicic volcanic rocks are a NNW-trending line of lava domes and lava flows near the crest of the 1302-m-high volcano.

Manda Hararo
Shield(s)
The southernmost axial range of western Afar, the Manda Hararo complex is located in the Kalo plain, SSE of Dabbahu volcano. The massive complex is 105 km long and 20-30 km wide, and represents an uplifted segment of a mid-ocean ridge spreading center. A small basaltic shield volcano is located at the northern end of the complex, south of which is an area of abundant fissure-fed lava flows. Two basaltic shield volcanoes, the largest of which is Unda Hararo, occupy the center of the complex. The dominant part of the complex lies to the south, where the Gumatmali-Gablaytu fissure system is located. Voluminous fluid lava flows issued from these NNW-trending fissures, and solidified lava lakes occupy two large craters. The small Gablaytu shield volcano forms the SE-most end of the Manda Hararo complex. Lava flows from Gablaytu and from Manda overlie 8000-year-old sediments. Hot springs and fumaroles occur around Daorre lake. The first historical eruptions of Manda Hararo produced fissure-fed lava flows in 2007 and 2009.

Groppo
Groppo volcano is a small 930-m-high alkali rhyolitic stratovolcano located in the western Afar near the Ethiopian escarpment, NE of Dessye. The volcano was considered to have been active during the past 2000 years (IAVCEI, 1973).

Afdera
Afderà is an isolated rhyolitic stratovolcano located between the Erta Ale, Tat Ali, and Alayta ranges. It lies at the intersection of three fault systems. Young rhyolitic lava domes are aligned N-S at its southern foot. Only a few late-stage satellitic cones are of basaltic composition. Eruptions were reported in 1907 and 1915 (Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World). However, on morphological grounds it appears to be substantially older than adjacent volcanoes, and the reported eruptions were probably from Alayta volcano to the west. The age of the most recent eruption is not known, although the S-flank rhyolitic lava domes are too young to be dated by the Potassium-Argon method.

Manda Gargori
Fissure vent(s)
Summit Elev: m
The Manda Gargori rift, located north of the town of Aisa Aita NE of Borawli volcano and SE of Kurub volcano, is the youngest rift segment in the Afar depression and is only one third the width of the adjacent Manda Hararo-Goba'ad rift system to the west. Two older lava flows from the Manda Gargori rift have Pleistocene potassium-argon dates. Youthful-looking lava flows, some of which may have been subaqueous, have been emitted from NNW-trending fissures. A hyaloclastite tuff ring is also present, and a rhyolitic lava dome surrounded by two basaltic lava flows is located north of Uddummi lake. No historical activity has been reported at the dominantly basaltic Manda Gargori rift, but human footprints have been observed in a fresh ashfall deposit, and the eruptive activity is considered to be of historical age.

Borawli
Lava dome(s)
The Borawli complex consists of a group of rhyolitic lava domes on the floor of the southern Kali plain, NE of the town of Aisa Aita. A Pleistocene date was obtained from the southernmost lava flow of Borawli. A 1631 eruption (sometimes listed as 1627) attributed possibly to Amado dome (United Nations, 1973) was considered more likely to be from Dama Ali (Gouin, 1979). This 875-m-high dome complex is one of several volcanic features in Ethiopia named Borawli.

Manda-Inakir
Fissure vent(s)
Manda-Inakir volcano consists of a series of NW-trending fissure vents and pyroclastic cones along the Ethiopia-Djibouti border. The elongated complex represents an uplifted mid-ocean ridge spreading center now exposed above sea level. An elongated dome of basement rocks is cut by two axial rifts, the northern of which was active during historical time. Basaltic cinder cones along marginal faults of the rift have produced lava flows that traveled down the flanks of the structural dome, producing a shield-like morphology. An eruption in 1928 or 1929 at the SE end of the Manda-Inakir rift near the town of Korili (in Djibouti) produced the Kammourta cinder cone and a lava flow.

Mousa Alli
The Mousa Alli volcanic complex is a large Holocene stratovolcano constructed along the border between Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti. The 2028-m-high trachytic-to-rhyolitic volcano is the most prominent topographic feature in this area and towers above its neighbor to the SW, Manda Inakir. Rhyolitic lava domes and lava flows are found in the summit region, which is truncated by a caldera.

Gufa
Volcanic field
The Gufa volcanic field, located along the Eritrea/Djibouti border, consists of a group of basaltic scoria cones and lava flows aligned in an E-W direction NE of the large Mousa Alli stratovolcano. A second E-W-trending chain of cones is located to the north of the principal chain, most of which lies in Eritrea, and fed long lava flows that descend to the north, in the direction of the Red Sea.

Assab Volcanic Field
Volcanic field
The Assab volcanic field near the Red Sea coast in southern Eritrea forms a spectacular range of basaltic cinder cones and associated lava flows. The massive lava field covers a 55 x 90 km area, and flows reached the Red Sea along a broad front. The vents of the Assab volcanic field, also known as Ado Ale or Ud'ale, were constructed along a broad E-W-trending line that extends to the coastal city of Assab.

Ardoukôba
The Ardoukôba (Asal) Rift in Djibouti, trending NW from the Red Sea, contains a broad area of youthful fissure vents between Lake Asal and the Ghoubbat al Kharab gulf. The rift is subaerially exposed over a 12 km distance between these two bodies of water and contains numerous basaltic cinder and spatter cones. The silicic centers of Eger Alayta and Asa Aleyta, on the north and south sides of the rift, are remnants of a Pleistocene silicic center that has been disrupted and spread apart by the rift. Magma-water interaction has produced tuff cones, some of which form islands or are breached by the sea. The most recent lava flows are younger than lake sediments deposited 5300 years ago. These lavas were thought to have been erupted during the past 3000 years (Delibrias et al., 1975). The Ardoukôba fissure erupted in 1978, producing a small cinder cone and lava flows that covered part of the rift floor near the Red Sea.

Kurub
The small Holocene Kurub shield volcano, also known as Kurub Koma, Kurub Koba, or Curub, lies in the Saha Plain, SE of the Manda Hararo complex in the South Danakil region. The easternmost lava flow of Kurub volcano was potassium-argon dated at about 0.3 million years. Wind-blown sand fills the summit crater of the very recent basaltic volcano. Initial subaqueous activity occurred along NNW-trending fissures. Fumarolic activity observed in the 1930s was not seen during field work in the 1970s.

Dama Ali
Dama Ali is a broad shield volcano that rises above the NW shore of Lake Abbe (also known as Lake Abhe) in eastern Ethiopia. The 25-km-wide volcano was constructed at the southern end of the Kalo Plain. Nested circular craters are located at the summit of the dominantly basaltic volcano, which also displays an older caldera rim. An arcuate chain of rhyolitic lava domes occupies the northern, western, and southern flanks. Youthful basaltic lava flows surround these domes and blanket the flanks of the volcano, and recent flows cover the young sediments of the Kalo and Abhe basins. The Asmara basaltic pyroclastic cone located in the southern Kalo basin SW of the base of the volcano was considered to have had activity during the last 2000 years (International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, 1973). It is considered the most likely source of an eruption reported to have occurred in 1631 (Gouin, 1979). Major fumarolic activity occurs in the summit crater, and abundant hot springs are found on the volcano.

Yangudi
Complex
Yangudi volcano, lying in the Addado graben of the northern Ethiopian rift, is a complex rhyolitic stratovolcano with an elliptical summit caldera. A trachytic lava flow originating in the caldera covers part of the southern flank of Yangudi, also known as Angudi, Jangudi, or Langudi. Rhyolitic obsidian domes on the NW flank are surrounded by younger basaltic lava flows. Very recent scoria cones and lava flows are located south of Yangudi along the eastern graben faults.

Gabillema
Gabillema is a rhyolitic stratovolcano along the axis of the Addado graben. The volcano was constructed at the intersection of the central Afar rift zone with the northern end of the NE-SW-trending Ethiopian rift. Rhyolitic lava domes are located on the flanks, and a 5 x 17 km basaltic lava field that covers the Ado Bad plain north of the volcano originated from a broad area of fissure vents and spatter cones on the north side of Gabillema. Young lava flows also occur south and east of the volcano, the latter along E-W-trending fissures. This period of rejuvenation, perhaps not directly related to Gabillema, has included rhyolitic as well as basaltic volcanism.

Ayelu
Ayelu is a vegetated rhyolitic stratovolcano, located south of the Asbahri plain in the southern Afar region. On its eastern side, 2145-m-high Ayelu is cut by regional faults and is overlain by ignimbrites erupted from Adwa volcano immediately to the east. It was constructed by a series of thick rhyolitic lava flows, creating a higher and steeper-sided volcano than Adwa. Hot springs are located on the western flank.

Hertali
Fissure vent
Hertali is a basaltic fissure vent that fed lava flows at the south end of the Awash plain, about 50 km NNE of Dofen volcano. Hertali was considered by Mohr and Wood (1976) to have been active during the late Pleistocene to Holocene on the basis of its youthful-looking morphology.

Liado Hayk
Maar(s)
The Liado Hayk volcanic field (Liado Lake) consists of a dozen closely spaced maars and cinder cones with associated lava fields in the Awash plain NE of Dofen volcano. The morphology of the cones and maars suggested a late Pleistocene or Holocene age (Wood 1979, pers. comm.).

Adwa
Adwa, also known as Aabida, Amoissa, or Dabita, is a stratovolcano in the southern Afar area immediately east of Ayelu volcano. Adwa is younger than the vegetated Ayelu and is a stratovolcano with a 4 x 5 km caldera that originated following eruption of voluminous ignimbrites. A small 2.5-km-wide caldera cuts a trachytic dome extruded in the older caldera. Scoria cones are located on the floor of a circular summit caldera and on its NW and SW flanks. Extensive young basaltic lava flows cover the flanks of Adwa and overlap a sedimentary plain to the SE. Many fumaroles occur within the caldera. Satellitic pyroclastic cones and lava domes were considered to be only a few hundred years old (Mohr 1980, pers. comm.).

Dofan
Dofan is known as the "smoking mountain." It is a 1151-m-high stratovolcano that rises 450 m above the Awash plain in the northern Main Ethiopian Rift. Numerous cinder cones, constructed along a 10-km-long, N-S-trending line, dot the flanks of the dominantly rhyolitic volcano. The northern cones are younger, have well-preserved morphologies, and display strong fumarolic activity. A major fumarole in a wide S-flank crater has precipitated large amounts of sulfur. The latest eruptions occurred during the Holocene (WoldeGabriel 1987, pers. comm.).

Beru
Volcanic field
An area of Holocene basaltic lava flows is located along the Main Ethiopian Rift at Beru, between Fentale and Kone (Gariboldi) volcanoes.

Fentale
Fentale, also known as Fantale, is a large stratovolcano at the northern end of the Main Ethiopian Rift. It consists primarily of rhyolitic obsidian lava flows with minor tuffs. Welded pantelleritic ash flows accompanied formation of a 2.5 x 4.5 km summit caldera, which has steep-sided walls up to 500 m high. The WNW-ESE-trending elliptical caldera has an orientation perpendicular to the Ethiopian Rift, and post-caldera vents occur along the same orientation. Trachytic and obsidian lava flows occur on the caldera floor, and fresh-looking lava flows descend the flanks from satellitic vents. An eruption from Fentale during the 13th century destroyed an Abyssinian town and church south of the volcano. In 1820 basaltic lava flows were extruded onto the Main Ethiopian Rift from a 4-km-long fissure on the south flank, and lava flows were erupted on the floor of the caldera.

Kone
Caldera(s)
The Kone volcanic complex, also known as Gariboldi, is composed of a series of silicic calderas and young basaltic cinder cones and lava flows about 30 km SW of Fentale volcano. As many as eight silicic calderas are accompanied by ignimbrite outflow sheets. Gariboldi, the youngest caldera, is an elliptical 5 x 7.5 km wide caldera trending E-W and oriented perpendicular to the Main Ethiopian Rift. The rim of the caldera rises about 100 m above the caldera floor; the eastern rim overlaps with a smaller elliptical caldera. Roughly N-S-trending regional fissures cut across the caldera and its flanks. The youngest basalts were erupted during the first half of the 19th century from vents along a hinge line between the smaller eastern caldera and the larger western one.

Unnamed
Pyroclastic cone(s)
An unnamed area of Holocene basaltic lava flows occupies both sides of the axis of the main Ethiopian Rift. They were erupted from pyroclastic cones located between Kone and Boset-Bericha volcanoes, SE of the capital city of Addis Ababa.

Boset-Bericha
Stratovolcano(es)
Boset (Boseti-Gudda) and Bericha (Boseti-Bericcia) are composite dominantly rhyolitic-to-trachytic volcanoes rising 1000 m and 800 m, respectively, above the floor of the Ethiopian Rift valley. Initial basaltic-to-trachytic activity at Boset (also known as Gudda) was followed by rhyolitic effusive and explosive eruptions that resulted in caldera formation. A remnant of the caldera rim is found on the NW flank of Boset. Elsewhere post-caldera activity has produced very recent pantelleritic obsidian fissure-fed lava domes and flows that have buried the caldera wall, and flank eruptions from fissures parallel to the rift have produced voluminous pantelleritic lava flows. Bericha (also known as Bariccia) has produced similar very recent obsidian flows and associated pumice flows. Fissures connecting Boset and Bericha have erupted youthful, prehistorical basaltic lava flows.

Bishoftu Volcanic Field
The Bishoftu volcanic field, also known as Debre Zeit, consists of an area of fissure-fed Holocene lava flows, cinder cones, tuff rings, and maars. Several of the maars are filled by lakes, which are popular recreational destinations from the nearby capital city of Addis Ababa. Most of the craters and cones are aligned NE-SW, parallel to the direction of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. The 750 x 1000 m wide Haro Maja tuff ring and its neighbor, lake-filled Kilole, are offset to the east. The cones and maars of the Bishoftu volcanic field were erupted through rhyolitic welded tuffs.

Unnamed
A small isolated area of basaltic spatter cones and Recent-to-prehistorical lava flows lies on the floor of the western Main Ethiopian Rift about 10 km NE of the prominent 2800-m-high Ziquala volcano.

Sodore
Pyroclastic cone(s)
The Sodore volcanic field is an extensive 15 x 25 km wide group of Pleistocene and Holocene pyroclastic cones and lava flows that covers the floor of the eastern side of the Ethiopian Rift Valley, north of the town of Malkassa, between Boset-Bericha and Gedamsa volcanoes. The basaltic lava flows extend beyond the western flanks of Boset and Bericha volcanoes as far north as the village of Welenchiti.

Gedamsa
Caldera
The Gedamsa caldera is located along the Main Ethiopian Rift east of Lake Koka and SW of the Wonji Sugar Estate Farm. The 7 x 9 km wide caldera (also spelled Gadamsa or Gedemsa) is cut by many NNE-SSW-trending regional faults of the Ethiopian Rift, particularly on the east side of the caldera. The caldera is steep-sided, with 100-200 m high walls whose upper part consists primarily of rhyolitic lava flows, and formed as a result of the eruption of a series of trachytic ignimbrites. Late-Pleistocene to Holocene volcanics form a chain of rhyolitic lava flows and pumice deposits, known as Ittisa, that rises about 200-250 m above the floor of the caldera. A large 1-km-wide crater is located at the eastern part of the chain. A Holocene lava dome or flow is found on the SW flank of the volcano. Regional faults have truncated the volcano, and small basaltic spatter cones have formed inside the caldera rim. Weak fumarolic activity was reported at two locations at Gedamsa.

Bora-Bericcio
Pyroclastic cone(s)
The silicic Bora and Bericcio pumice cones, among the most youthful volcanoes of the Ethiopian Rift valley, rise 350-500 m above the floor of the rift. Bora has a 1.5-km-wide summit crater, and the more conical Bericcio is capped by a small summit crater and has a 1-km-wide crater on its south flank. Small silicic pyroclastic cones are found on the east flanks of both Bora and Bericcio. All volcanic products in this area are considered to be Holocene in age. Vigorous fumarolic activity continues at Bora-Bericcio.

Tullu Moje
Pyroclastic cone
Tullu Moje is a youthful trachytic-to-rhyolitic pumice cone with a 700-m-wide summit crater, located in the middle of one of the most active parts of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. A large silicic lava flow at Giano was erupted about two centuries ago from a regional fissure. Flank fissures have produced silicic lava flows as recently as about 1900 CE. The same fissures have also erupted prehistorical basaltic lava flows.

Unnamed
A large unnamed area of Holocene basalts is located on the floor of the Ethiopian Rift Valley SW of Tulu Moje volcano. The flows occupy a NE-SW-trending zone near the active eastern margin of the rift valley, NE of Lake Zwai and NW of the massive, 4000-m-high Pleistocene Ch'llalo (Cilallo) volcano, one of the largest volcanic structures of the central Ethiopian Rift Valley.

East Zway
A large area of Recent-to-prehistorical basaltic cinder cones and lava flows lies immediately east and south of Lake Zway (also spelled Zwai, Zeway, and Ziway) and forms islands along the east shore of the lake. About 80 vents were formed along the East Zway segment of the Wonji Fault Belt. The youngest lava flows at East Zway are unaffected by the latest tectonic faulting along the Ethiopian Rift.

Butajiri-Silti Field
The Butajiri-Silti volcanic field consists of a large group of basaltic cinder cones, maars, and lava flows in an 80-km-long, NE-SW-trending area near the west margin of the Ethiopian Rift. At least 13 maars, many filled by lakes, are located near the town of Debre Zeit, SE of the capital city of Addis Ababa. The maars were erupted through Pleistocene rhyolitic lava flows and tuffs. Eruptions of the younger basaltic cinder cones were contemporaneous with those that produced the maars. Some of the lava flows associated with the cinder cones are very young and are considered to be prehistorical in age (Di Paola, 1972).

Alutu
Alutu, between lakes Zway and Mirrga (Langano), is a stratovolcano with multiple vents aligned along NNE-SSW and E-W fissures along a narrow graben between the two lakes. This silicic volcanic center lies along the regional Wonji Fault Belt and has produced abundant pumice-flow and pumice-fall deposits, along with lesser rhyolitic lava flows. Obsidian lava flows erupted from craters along the fissures have descended the flanks in all directions. Cinder cones, lava domes, phreatic explosion craters, and thermal springs are structurally controlled. The oldest known eruptions from Alutu produced the Hulo-Seyno Ignimbrite about 155,000 years ago. The latest eruptions produced obsidian flows and pumice breccias about 2000 years ago. Alutu eruptive products overlie recent basaltic lava flows to the west. Strong fumarolic activity continues, and the volcano has been the object of a geothermal exploration program.

O'a Caldera
Caldera
O'a caldera along the central Ethiopian Rift is the country's largest rift-valley caldera. The caldera forms the eastern portion of the 15 x 25 km dumbbell-shaped Lake O'a (also known as Lake Shalla). Formation of the caldera about 240,000 years ago was accompanied by the eruption of two ignimbrite deposits, the first of which was strongly welded. The only post-caldera activity consists of two pyroclastic cones north of the caldera, one silicic and the other basaltic, and a group of tuff rings, spatter cones, and lava flows of Holocene (perhaps as young as prehistorical) age near the SW shore of the lake. These were erupted along the Corbetti-Shalla segment of the Wonji Fault Belt, which extends north from Corbetti caldera. Fumarolic activity continues on all sides of the lake.

Corbetti Caldera
Caldera
The 15-km-wide Corbetti caldera overlaps the NW margin of the older 30 x 40 km Awasa caldera. Urji volcano was subsequently constructed in the center of Corbetti caldera, which also contains young lava flows. Chabbi volcano, a large obsidian dome that grew on the SE caldera rim, has erupted lava flows onto the caldera floor. The age of the latest eruptive activity at Corbetti caldera is not known, although many lava flows are too young to date by the Potassium-Argon method. Fumarolic activity continues at the post-caldera cones of Urji, Chabbi, and an unnamed pyroclastic cone on the west rim.

Bilate River Field
Maar(s)
The Bilate River basin west of Lake Awasa contains a group of lake-filled maars and tuff rings of Pleistocene and probable Holocene age (WoldeGabriel 1987, pers. comm.). Active hot springs and fumaroles are located in this area.

Tepi
The densely forested Tepi basaltic shield volcano, morphologically unmodified in a region of high rainfall, is capped by prominent cinder cones and small craters. Three satellitic centers are located along an E-W line north of the main shield, whose 2728-m-high summit forms Ethiopia's highest Holocene volcano. Lava flows have traveled down pre-existing valleys. Tepi lies at the northern end of the Turkana rift, about 300 km west of the center of the main Ethiopian rift and was constructed along a zone of ENE-trending faults that extends in line with the Gulf of Aden. Tepi has associated active hot springs and was considered by Davidson (1983) to be of probable Holocene age.

Hobicha Caldera
Hobicha Caldera, north of Lake Abaya, is a large caldera of Pleistocene age. Fissures cutting the SE margin of the caldera produced numerous pyroclastic cones of Pleistocene-to-Holocene age (WoldeGabriel 1987, pers. comm.). This area of young basaltic volcanism is also referred to as the Northern Lake Abaya volcanic field.

Chiracha
Chiracha is a rhyolitic stratovolcano located on the Wonji fault belt NE of Lake Abaya. All rift zone volcanoes are thought to be Pleistocene-to-Holocene in age, with the possible exception of Chiracha, which may be pre-Holocene. The nearby Holocene fissure basalts located to the west (Mohr and Wood 1976, WoldeGabriel 1987, pers. comm.), may be those of the northern Lake Abaya area of the Hobicha Caldera.

Tosa Sucha
A group of cinder cones at Tosa Sucha on the north shore of Lake Chamo in the southern Ethiopian Rift has produced unvegetated olivine basaltic lava flows and may have been active as recently as historical time (Ebinger et al., 1993). The cones and flows on the eastern end of the Chamo Basin were erupted along NNE-trending fissures between Lake Chamo and Lake Abaya to the north. Some cones form islands in Lake Chamo.

A group of unnamed cinder cones erupted from NNE-trending fissures SE of Lake Chamo, along the southern Ethiopian Rift, has produced unvegetated olivine basaltic lava flows that may have erupted as recently as historical time (Ebinger et al., 1993).

Korath Range
Tuff cone(s)
The Korath Range is an isolated group of tuff cones and lava flows in southern Ethiopia that were erupted along the Turkana Rift, which extends north from Kenya. About 20 tuff cones occupy the Korath Range, many of which issued lava flows from their flanks that traveled up to about 5 km. The apparent youngest flow issued from the central crater and flowed through a breach in its rim. The absolute age of the dominantly basanitic-tephritic lava flows is unknown, but a shell adhering to the youngest flow was radiocarbon dated at 7900 years before present (BP) (Brown et al., 1969). Davidson (1983) indicated an age between 30,000 BP and 7900-9500 BP.

Mega Basalt Field
The Mega Basalt field, straddling the Ethiopia-Kenya border, is referred to in Kenya as the Dukana volcanic field. The Ethiopian portion was considered to have been active during the Holocene (Mohr, 1979; Davidson, 1983). The Kenyan portion was mapped as Pleistocene in age, with one Potassium-Argon date of about 0.9 million years ago (Charsely, 1987). The 1.8-km-wide Gof Dukana basaltic maar is surrounded by ejecta containing abundant basement igneous and metamorphic rocks. About 50 pyroclastic cones with associated lava flows rise to about 150 m above the lava platform in northern Kenya.

Africa (eastern)

North Island
Africa (eastern)
Tuff cone(s)
The small, 2-km-wide North Island in Lake Turkana is the northernmost and smallest of three volcanic islands in the lake. North Island is the summit of Kenya's northernmost rift valley volcano and is primarily composed of trachyandesitic-to-trachytic phreatomagmatic deposits from overlapping eroded tuff cones or tuff rings. The center of the island consists of a young tuff ring about 1 km in diameter nested inside an older tuff ring. Two fresh unvegetated lava flows that reach the lake shore from the central tuff ring form lava deltas at the northern and western sides of the island; the northern delta is about 900 m wide. The two blocky lava flows are younger than a terrace that formed less than 10,000 years ago during the last major high-water level of Lake Turkana (Key and Watkins, 1988). Geothermal activity occurs along a curvilinear ridge on the southern half of the island and on wave-cut platforms and beaches on the SW shoreline.

Central Island
Africa (eastern)
Tuff cone(s)
Central Island, also known as Crocodile Island, occupies the middle of Lake Turkana and is composed of more than a dozen craters and cones, three of which are filled by small lakes. The two largest lakes partially fill craters up to a km wide and about 80 m deep whose floors lie near sea level. The highest point on the dominantly basaltic island reaches 550 m, about 170 m above the lake surface. An E-W-trending chain of small explosion craters cuts the eastern side of the 3-km-wide island. Several small islands to the SE represent partially submerged crater rims, and other cones and lava plugs lie beneath the lake surface near the island. The youngest Central Islands tuffs and lavas may be as young as Holocene (Karson and Curtis, 1992). Fumarolic activity is concentrated along the NE-to-SE rim of the central crater, and sprays of sulfur from the fumaroles were observed by visitors in the 1930s. In 1974 intense emission of molten sulfur and steam clouds were seen from the mainland.

Marsabit
Marsabit is a massive, 6300 sq km basaltic shield volcano located 170 km east of the center of the East African Rift. Its slopes are dotted with 22 maars and 180 cinder cones, most of which are concentrated along NW- and NE-trending belts that cut across the thickly vegetated summit region. The main phase of shield construction occurred during the Pliocene. Quaternary activity shifted to explosive activity that formed maars accompanied by further extensive effusion of lava flows. The youngest dated lava flow at Marsabit has a Potassium-Argon age of 0.68 +/- 0.16 million years ago, but more recent activity has also occurred. The youngest lava flows are unvegetated, and Key (1987) mapped the post-shield cinder cones as Pleistocene to Recent in age.

South Island
The southernmost and largest of the three volcanic islands in Lake Turkana, South Island contains numerous tuff cones. Fresh-looking lava flows, erupted from a N-S fissure extending the 11-km length of the island, form much of the eastern shoreline. South Island (sometimes referred to as Hohnel Island) rises 320 m above the lake to a height of 800 m and is part of a volcanic horst that extends 10 km to the north beneath the lake surface. Early stage tuff cone formation may have been associated with a high stand of Lake Turkana dated at about 10,000 years ago, and later subaerial activity postdates the last high stand of the lake about 3200 years ago. The dominantly basaltic lava flows are morphologically similar to the youthful Holocene flows of The Barrier volcano at the south end of Lake Turkana. An eruption from a scoria cone on South Island was witnessed during Count von Teliki's 1888 expedition.

Barrier, The
The Barrier volcanic complex separates Lake Turkana from the broad Suguta Trough to the south, the site of a former lake. The volcano is comprised of four overlapping shield volcanoes, with the youngest, Kakorinya, located over the axis of the East African Rift. Kalolenyang volcano lies west of Kakorinya, and Likaiu West and Likaiu East volcano are located to the ENE. A 3.8-km-wide summit caldera was formed at Kakorinya volcano about 92,000 years ago. Youthful-looking trachytic and phonolitic lava domes and flows erupted within the caldera and along its ring fracture fill much of the caldera floor. Early Holocene fissure-related scoria cones and lava flows dot the volcano's southern and northern flanks. Solfataric fields are located within the caldera and on the western and southern flanks of the volcano. Historical eruptions from Teleki's and Andrew's cones on the northern and southern flanks, respectively, have produced basaltic explosive activity and lava flows during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Namarunu
The largely Pliocene Namarunu trachytic shield volcano is topped by parasitic cones and lava flows of upper Pleistocene and Holocene age. Voluminous basaltic effusive and explosive activity took place during the early Holocene on the lower northern, eastern, and southern flanks along the axis of the East African Rift, producing fissure-controlled subaerial basaltic scoria cones and lava flows, and partially or completely sublacustral tuff cones, tuff rings, and pillow lavas. Fluid olivine basalts were also erupted from a breached scoria cone forming the summit of Namarunu. The youngest eruptions postdated the drying out of Lake Sugata about 3000 years ago. Some could be as recent as the historical eruptions at The Barrier volcano to the north (Dunkley et al., 1993). Hot springs are located on some of the young volcanic cones on the rift valley floor and on the eastern side of the rift along the base of the Tirr Tirr Plateau.

Segererua Plateau
A large number of late-Pleistocene to Holocene basaltic cones, lava flows, and maars occur along a roughly 50-km-long NE-SW trend on the Segererua and Rusarus Plateaus and areas to the SW. This volcanic region is located well east of the East African Rift, south of the massive Marsabit shield volcano. The two plateaus host most of the vents and are bounded by the Milgis River on the north and the Merille River to the south. Other vents lie to the SW, east of the Kauro River, and another large area of basaltic lava flows lies west of the Segererua and Rusaurus Platueas.

Emuruangogolak
The broad Emuruangogolak shield volcano is situated at a narrow constriction in the Gregory Rift and almost completely straddles it. A 5 x 3.5 km summit caldera formed about 38,000 years ago. Since then trachytic and basaltic lava flows were erupted on the northern and southern flanks and within the caldera. A NNE-SSW-trending chain of lake-filled basaltic maars extends along the floor of the rift from the lower flanks of the volcano. Young lava flows were also erupted from vents along rift valley faults. Well-preserved parasitic cones erupted along rift-parallel faults cutting the volcano abound; the latest eruption produced a trachytic lava flow dated from secular magnetic variation measurements at about the beginning of the 20th century. Fumarolic activity and hot steaming ground occurs along NNE-trending fissures within the caldera and along the lower NW flanks.

Silali
The 30-km-wide Silali trachytic shield volcano, the largest Quaternary volcano in the northern Gregory Rift, completely straddles the East African Rift. An impressive 5 x 8 km summit caldera with 300 m deep walls is thought to have formed about 63,000 years ago. Caldera formation is thought to have been incremental, related to eruption of the Kantenmening basaltic and trachytic lava flows. A series of summit-area lava benches formed by eruptions from circumferential fissures has produced a volcano morphologically similar to Galapagos Islands volcanoes. Northern, eastern, and southern flanks are cut by a prominent broad rift zone 10-km wide and 30-km long, dotted with numerous pyroclastic cones. Lava domes on the upper eastern flank formed during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, until about 7 ka. Youthful parasitic cones abound on the caldera floor and on the northern and NE flanks; the youngest lava flows may be little more than a few hundred years old (Williams et al. 1984). Geothermal activity occurs within the caldera and on the upper eastern flanks.

Paka
The dominantly Pleistocene Paka shield volcano in the Gregory Rift contains a small 1.5-km-wide summit caldera. Eruption of large volumes of trachytic pyroclastic rocks around the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene formed a NW-trending ridge of pyroclastic cones across the summit region; collapse of this area formed the summit caldera and associated craters. A second large crater SE of the caldera is 0.5 x 1 km wide and contains a pumice cone. The summit caldera is narrowly breached on the north side, which has funneled post-caldera lava flows in this direction. The three youngest post-caldera pyroclastic cones on the NE flank may be only a few hundred years old. A series of viscous trachytic lava flows were erupted from vents on the volcano's lower flanks. Young fissure-fed basalts were also erupted to the south, between Paka and Korosi volcanoes. Surficial geothermal activity is widespread at Paka both within the summit caldera and on extensive portions of the northern flank.

Korosi
The trachytic Korosi shield volcano lies at the north end of Lake Baringo. Unlike other rift valley volcanoes, it does not contain a summit caldera. Lava domes on the northern flanks have fed trachytic lava flows. The major stage of Korosi volcanism spanned a period between 0.4 and 0.1 million years ago and included the eruption of voluminous fluid basaltic lava flows and pyroclastic cone formation along a NNE-trending fissure cutting across the axis of the shield volcano. This was followed by the eruption of trachytic lava domes and pumice/scoria cones. The youngest activity, consisting of fissure-fed basaltic lava flows on the lower northern flanks between Korosi and Paka, was probably coeval with the latest eruptions on Ol Kokwe to the south, which are only a few hundred to a few thousand years old (Dunkley et al. 1993). Fumaroles and hot steaming ground occur around the summit cones and NW flanks over an area of 30 sq km.

Ol Kokwe
The elongated Ol Kokwe Island in the center of Lake Baringo SW of Korosi volcano consists of young basaltic scoria cones that cap a trachytic shield volcano. The volcano is the smallest in the northern part of the Kenya rift valley. N-S-trending faults cut the complex, producing west-facing scarps. Smaller islands to the north and south are faulted basaltic lava flows; Parmalok Island to the SW is a breached trachytic tuff cone that fed a small lava flow. The latest eruptive activity at Ol Kokwe was estimated to have occurred within the past thousand years (Smith 1991, pers. comm.). Hot springs, boiling mud pools, and fumaroles are present along the faults on the NE peninsula of the island and are frequently visited by tourists.

Nyambeni Hills
The broad NE-SW-trending Nyambeni shield volcano is capped by numerous phonolitic cumulodomes and basaltic cones and lava flows of late-Pleistocene to Holocene age (Hackman et al., 1989). The basaltic cinder cones are the youngest features of Nyambeni Hills volcano. They are clustered in a NE-trending belt along the crest of the shield, in a N-S-trending area including the Mula Hills, and in the Giaki area.

Menengai
Latitude: 0.2°S
The massive Menengai shield volcano occupies the floor of the East African Rift. Construction of a 30 cu km shield volcano beginning about 200,000 years ago was followed by the eruption of two voluminous ash-flow tuffs, each preceded by major pumice falls. The first took place about 29,000 years ago and produced a large caldera. The second, producing about 30 cu km of compositionally zoned peralkaline trachytic magma about 8000 years ago, was associated with formation of the present-day 12 x 8 km summit caldera. More than 70 post-caldera lava flows cover the caldera floor, the youngest of which may be only a few hundred years old. No historical eruptions are known. Fumarolic activity is restricted to the caldera.

Elmenteita Badlands
Latitude: 0.52°S
The Elmenteita Badlands, located between Lake Elmenteita and Eburru volcano, is an area of pyroclastic cones and lava flows of varying ages. Large basaltic lava flows and basaltic ash cones of Holocene age post-date the 10,000-year-old high-stand of Lake Elmenteita (Thomson and Dodson, 1963).

Homa Mountain
Complex
Latitude: 0.38°S
Homa Mountain is a large carbonatitic complex that forms a broad peninsula on the eastern shore of Lake Victoria. The 1751-m-high flat-topped summit of the volcano rises about 600 m above the lake. This dominantly Miocene-to-Pleistocene volcanic complex contains numerous flank vents, including the carbonatitic and ultramafic Lake Simbi maar on the lower east flank. The Chiewo, Got Ojawa, and Got Oloo vents on the southern and western sides of Homa Mountain were formed during the latest stage of carbonatitic activity. Legends of inhabitants near the Lake Simbi maar suggest that it may have been formed in historical time.

Eburru, Ol Doinyo
Complex
Eburru volcano is elongated perpendicular to the Gregory Rift NW of Lake Naivasha. The 2856-m-high, E-W-trending main edifice is eroded, but young partly vegetated rhyolitic domes occur on the east flank and are probably of Holocene age (Thompson and Dodson, 1963). Pleistocene phonolitic and trachytic lava flows are overlain by rhyolitic obsidian lava flows forming much of the northern and NE slopes of the main massif. A prominent late-Pleistocene rhyolitic lava flow from a SE-flank vents extends almost to Lake Naivasha. Extensive fumarolic activity occurs at cinder cones and craters constructed along dominantly N-S-trending faults cutting the massif.

Olkaria
The Olkaria volcanic complex, located immediately south of Lake Naivasha and west of Longonot volcano, comprises up to 80 individual commenditic and other peralkaline rhyolitic centers. A thick, geochemically diverse basal complex is overlain by a dominantly silicic lava-dome and lava-flow complex constructed within a largely obscurred 11 x 7.5 km wide caldera that formed about 20,000 years ago following the eruption of welded pantelleritic ignimbrites. The youngest known eruption originated from the Ololbutot fissue on the SW side of the complex and produced a 5 cu km lava flow and a pumice flow that has a radiocarbon age of about 180 years. Fumarolic activity occurring at the Njorowa Gorge and at the Orengingnai and Olkaria (Orgaria) pumice cones, and Olkaria is the site of a large 50-80 sq km high-temperature geothermal field.

Longonot
The trachytic Longonot stratovolcano SE of Lake Naivasha in the Gregory Rift valley contains a 8 x 12 km caldera. Formation of the caldera accompanied large explosive eruptions about 21,000 years ago. A large central cone that was constructed within the caldera forms the 2776-m-high summit of the volcano. The younger cone is truncated by a circular, 1.8-km-wide crater. Post-caldera lavas are found on the caldera floor and the volcano's flanks, marking a late stage of effusive eruptions. A well-preserved satellitic cone is located on the NE flank. Masai tradition records a lava flow on the northern flank during the 19th century. Similarly youthful-looking lava flows occur on the SW flank.

Suswa
The southernmost caldera of the Kenya rift, Suswa contains a prominent lava cone on the south side of its 8 x 12 km caldera. Suswa lies south of Longonot volcano and about 50 km WNW of the capital city of Nairobi. Construction of an early shield volcano was followed by eruption of voluminous Pleistocene pumice and lava flows that accompanied incremental formation of the caldera. The 2356-m summit of the phonolitic-to-trachytic volcano is formed by the post-caldera lava cone of Ol Doinyo Onyoke ("The Red Mountain," also known as Ol Doinyo Nyukie) on the south side of the caldera. Its large elongated summit crater is truncated on the north by a ring graben. This unusual 5-km-wide circular graben at the center of the older caldera isolates a tilted island block of caldera-floor lava flows. The latest eruptions have originated from satellitic vents that issued lava flows which remain unvegetated and may be only a century or so old.

Lengai, Ol Doinyo
The symmetrical Ol Doinyo Lengai is the only volcano known to have erupted carbonatite tephras and lavas in historical time. The prominent stratovolcano, known to the Maasai as "The Mountain of God," rises abruptly above the broad plain south of Lake Natron in the Gregory Rift Valley. The cone-building stage ended about 15,000 years ago and was followed by periodic ejection of natrocarbonatitic and nephelinite tephra during the Holocene. Historical eruptions have consisted of smaller tephra ejections and emission of numerous natrocarbonatitic lava flows on the floor of the summit crater and occasionally down the upper flanks. The depth and morphology of the northern crater have changed dramatically during the course of historical eruptions, ranging from steep crater walls about 200 m deep in the mid-20th century to shallow platforms mostly filling the crater. Long-term lava effusion in the summit crater beginning in 1983 had by the turn of the century mostly filled the northern crater; by late 1998 lava had begun overflowing the crater rim.

Chyulu Hills
The 100-km-long NW-SE-trending Chyulu Hills volcanic field is located 150 km E of the Kenya Rift. It contains several hundred small cones and flows, including numerous recent cinder cones. Two of these, Shaitani and Chainu, erupted during the mid-19th century. Volcanic activity began about 1.4 million years ago with eruptions in the northern Chyulu Hills and migrated to the SE, where a large number of Holocene cones are found. Many of the cinder cones are aligned along dominantly NW-trending older faults and younger NNE-trending fissures. The silica contents of the lava flows increased with time. Early flows consisted of foidites; later Holocene lava flows are basanites and alkali basalts.

Kilimanjaro
Massive Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, consists of three large stratovolcanoes constructed along a NW-SE trend. The ice-capped, 5895-m-high summit towers 5200 m above the surrounding plains. Activity at the older cone, Shira, that forms the broad WNW shoulder began during the Pliocene, and the extensively dissected Pleistocene Mawenzi forms a prominent, sharp-topped peak on the upper ESE flank dominated by a densely packed radial dike swarm. More than 250 satellitic cones occupy a rift zone to the NW and SE of Kibo, the central stratovolcano. A 2.4 x 3.6 km caldera gives the summit of Kibo an elongated, broad profile. Most of Kilimanjaro was constructed during the Pleistocene, but a group of youthful-looking nested summit craters are of apparent Holocene age, and fumarolic activity continues.

Igwisi Hills
Three kimberlitic pyroclastic cones of late Pleistocene or Holocene age are located in the Igwisi Hills, WNW of the city of Tabora in NW Tanzania. The volcanoes were erupted along a NE-SW-trending rift through a precambrian granitic gneiss basement and are located on the western side of the Tanzanian Craton far from other Tanzanian volcanoes, which are located near the Gregory Rift. Two pyroclastic cones with well-preserved craters rising 15 to 45 m above the plain occur at Igwisi, with a central cone and crater adjacent to the NE crater that contains a solidified lava lake. The NE crater is the largest, 370 m in diameter, and has been breached on the ENE side, the source of a small lava flow about 1 km in length and width. The SW crater is also breached on the ENE side, with a smaller lava flow on the east flank. Cosmogenic Helium ages for the Igwisi Hills eruption with wide uncertainties range from late Pleistocene to mid Holocene.

Pyroclastic cone
A small unnamed basaltic tephra cone on the edge of the Usangu escarpment, overlooking the Usangu basin north of the Poroto Mountains, was considered by Ebinger et al. (1989) to be of probable Holocene age based on lack of vegetative cover. A lava flow traveled westward away from the rift valley along the back-tilted flank of the rift.

SW Usangu Basin
Lava dome(s)
A group of late-Pleistocene to Holocene phonolitic lava domes is located at the SW end of the Usangu Basin, NE of the Poroto Mountains. Vents of the SW Usangu Basin volcanic field are located along NNE-trending normal faults (Ebinger et al., 1989).

Ngozi
Ngozi caldera is the most prominent volcanic feature of the Poroto Ridge, a transverse structure at the northern end of the Karonga basin. The trachytic-to-phonolitic volcano contains a 3-km-wide caldera with a 1.5 x 2.5 km lake in the southern part of the caldera that is bounded by steep-walled cliffs 150-300 m high. Numerous pyroclastic cones are situated along the ridge. Eruption of the Kitulo Pumice, radiocarbon dated at about 10,200 cal. years before present, is though to be related to formation of the caldera. The youngest activity appears to have originated from the caldera and from youthful-looking pyroclastic cones to the north; the youngest known eruption produced a pyroclastic flow that swept at least 10 km S about 500 years ago.

Izumbwe-Mpoli
Two melanephelinite cones of probable Holocene age, Izumbwe and Mpoli, are located ~18 km WNW of Ngozi caldera and just NW of Izumbwe village. These pyroclastic cones, about 1.5 km apart, represent the youngest eruptive activity within the Songwe Basin (Ebinger et al., 1989).

Rungwe
Rungwe volcano, the largest in the Karonga basin NW of Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa), is cut by a 4-km-wide caldera that is breached to the WSW. Hummocky terrain from a debris-avalanche deposit produced by collapse of the summit and western flank extends at least 20 km SW of the volcano. The trachytic caldera is largely filled by a series of youthful-looking uneroded and sparsely vegetated pumice cones, lava domes, and explosion craters. The latter are also found on the southern and northern flanks. A large area of basaltic cones and lava flows are found on the NW flank, and youthful-looking lava flows extend SW from vents inside the caldera. Explosive and effusive eruptions were produced during the Holocene; the largest explosive eruption took place about 4000 years ago, and the most recent about about 1200 years ago.

Meru
Meru volcano, Africa's fourth highest mountain, is dwarfed by neighboring Kilimanjaro volcano, but is an impressive peak in its own right. Seen from the west, Meru has a conical profile, but it contains a 5-km-wide breached caldera on the east side that formed about 7800 years ago when the summit of the volcano collapsed. Associated massive debris avalanches and lahars traveled as far as the western flank of Kilimanjaro volcano. Parasitic cones and lava domes are located on all sides; a maar field is present on the lower north flank. The historically active Ash Cone forms a prominent symmetrical cone inside the breached caldera. A second vent between it and the caldera headwall has fed lava flows that cover much of the caldera floor.

Kyejo
Late-stage activity of the Kyejo (Kieyo) trachytic stratovolcano, NW of Lake Malawi (Lake Nyassa), consisted of the formation of numerous maars and cinder cones. This stratovolcano, rising to 2175 m, is elongated in a NW-SE direction and has been active since the mid-Pleistocene. Maars, some of which contain lakes, surround the Kyejo area, and young basaltic cinder cones and lava flows cover an extensive area to the south. The latest eruption around 1800 CE took place from two parasitic tephritic cones, Sarabwe and Fiteko, that were constructed along a NW-trending fissure. The eruption produced lava flows that traveled 8 km and overran several villages.

Bogoria
Summit Elev: m
The late-Pleistocene Hannington formation consists of a broad shield volcano west of Lake Bogoria that has been cut by spectacular grid faults along the west margin of the Gregory Rift. Geysers on the west margin of Lake Bogoria may be of tectonic origin.

Africa (central)

Fort Portal
Africa (central)
The carbonatite lavas and tuffs of the Fort Portal volcanic field in Uganda, NE of Mount Ruwenzori between Lake Albert and Lake Edward, consists of a group of tuff cones and maars covering an area of about 145 sq km. About 50 volcanic vents, some of which now contain crater lakes, were erupted through basement rocks of Precambrian gneiss in an WSW-ENE-trending area north of the town of Fort Portal. Several additional vents are located in the Kasekere (Rusekere) area to the NE. Radiocarbon dates of about 4700 to 4000 years ago were obtained from ash deposits from the Fort Portal volcanic field. Holmes (1950) noted that Kasensankaranga Crater in the Fort Portal area means "spewer of roasted material," implying an historical age.

Kyatwa
Africa (central)
The Kyatwa volcanic field, also known as the Ndale volcanic field, occupies the Western Rift Valley, north of the equator and east of the Ruwenzori Mountains about halfway between Lake Edward and Lake Albert. The Kyatwa tuff cones and lake-filled maars are part of a group of Pleistocene-to-Recent volcanic fields in western Uganda.

Katwe-Kikorongo
The Katwe-Kikorongo volcanic field, stretching from the NE shore of Lake Edward to the western shore of Lake George, south of the Ruwenzori Range, is the most extensive of a series of volcanic fields in the Western Rift Valley of Uganda. The volcanic field, straddling the equator, covers an area of about 180 sq km and contains a group of about 80 foiditic tuff cones and maars, some of which are filled by lakes. Lake Katwe is a shallow 3-km-long body of water that occupies two of three intersecting craters immediately NE of Lake Edward. Local folk tales suggest that volcanism in the Katwe-Kikorongo area has continued into historical times.

Bunyaruguru
Maar(s)
The late-Plestocene to Holocene Bunyaruguru volcanic field, also known as the Kichwambe volcanic field, straddles the equator along the eastern side of the Western Rift Valley, south of Lake George. The Bunyaruguru volcanic field contains more than 130 maars, 27 of which contain lakes with water ranging from fresh to saline. Friable calcareous volcanic tuffs are inter-bedded with Pleistocene and Recent sediments. Only a few foiditic lava flows are found in the volcanic field. Although no dated eruptions are known, Reece (1955) noted that volcanic activity probably continued into historical times.

Katunga
Tuff cone
Katunga, an isolated tuff cone with associated lava flows located east of Lake Edward, is the southernmost feature of a N-S-trending chain of high-potassium foditic volcanic fields in the Western Rift Valley of Uganda. Katunga is the type locality of the rock type katungite, an olivine-melilitite. The undissected tuff cone was erupted through metamorphic basement rocks and its rim and flanks are blanketed with ejected schists. Katunga contains a freshwater lake in its summit crater. Two lava flows traveled to the NE from vents on the north and NE flanks. The age of the cone is uncertain, but it is contemporaneous with late-Pleistocene to Recent tuff cones in the Bunyaruguru area, and the undissected condition of the tuff cone and associated lava flows implies a young age.

Nyamuragira
Africa's most active volcano, Nyamuragira, is a massive high-potassium basaltic shield about 25 km north of Lake Kivu. Also known as Nyamulagira, it has a volume of 500 cu km, and extensive lava flows blanket 1500 sq km of the western branch of the East African Rift. The broad low-angle shield volcano contrasts dramatically with its steep-sided neighbor Nyiragongo to the SW. The 3058-m-high summit is truncated by a small 2 x 2.3 km caldera that has walls up to about 100 m high. Historical eruptions have occurred within the summit caldera, as well as from the numerous fissures and cinder cones on the flanks. A lava lake in the summit crater, active since at least 1921, drained in 1938, at the time of a major flank eruption. Historical lava flows extend down the flanks more than 30 km from the summit, reaching as far as Lake Kivu.

Nyiragongo
One of Africa's most notable volcanoes, Nyiragongo contained a lava lake in its deep summit crater that was active for half a century before draining catastrophically through its outer flanks in 1977. In contrast to the low profile of its neighboring shield volcano, Nyamuragira, 3470-m-high Nyiragongo displays the steep slopes of a stratovolcano. Benches in the steep-walled, 1.2-km-wide summit crater mark levels of former lava lakes, which have been observed since the late-19th century. Two older stratovolcanoes, Baruta and Shaheru, are partially overlapped by Nyiragongo on the north and south. About 100 parasitic cones are located primarily along radial fissures south of Shaheru, east of the summit, and along a NE-SW zone extending as far as Lake Kivu. Many cones are buried by voluminous lava flows that extend long distances down the flanks, which is characterized by the eruption of foiditic rocks. The extremely fluid 1977 lava flows caused many fatalities, as did lava flows that inundated portions of the major city of Goma in January 2002.

Karisimbi
Karisimbi, the highest of the Virunga volcanoes, is a complex volcano with a symmetrical sharp-peaked summit. The 2-km-wide Branca caldera, located SE of the ~4500-m-high summit, is filled by viscous lava flows and two explosion craters. The large, 1.2-km-wide Muntango pit crater is located south of the summit of the basanitic-to-trachytic volcano. A broad lava plain, formed from lava flows erupted within the caldera and along a chain of parasitic cones, extends SW. More than 100 parasitic cones erupted along a NNE-SSW zone that extends to the shores of Lake Kivu. The youngest Potassium-Argon date obtained is about 10,000 years before present (de Mulder, 1985). The youngest eruptions produced a group of dome-shaped parasitic vents east of the caldera, which fed viscous lava flows that traveled as far as 12 km E, and lava flows from the SW-flank satellitic lava vents.

Visoke
The symmetrical Visoke volcano is the NE-most of a cluster of large stratovolcanoes at the southern end of the Virunga Range on the border of the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda. The 3700-m-high stratovolcano contains a 450-m-wide lake in its summit crater. A NE-SW-trending fissure zone has produced many cinder cones NE of the trachyandesitic volcano. An eruption in 1957 formed two small cones on the north flank, 11 km from the summit.

Muhavura
Muhavura volcano, rising to about 4,100 m at the NE end of the Virunga Range, is a relatively youthful stratovolcano with a small 40-m-wide lake in its summit crater. The 3474-m-high Gahinga (Mgahinga) volcano is joined to Muhavura on the west by a broad saddle. The two volcanoes have produced basanitic-to-trachyandesitic lavas. A small parasitic crater has been recently active, but the age of the latest eruption is not known.

Bufumbira
The Bufumbira volcanic field in SW Uganda consists of a group of about 40 cinder cones lying north of the large stratovolcanoes of the NE part of the Virunga Mountains. The cinder cones occur in clusters and were erupted along lineaments. They are typically breached on one side by lava flows. Their age is not known precisely, but they are considered younger than the stratovolcanoes of the Virunga Range, some of which are Holocene in age. The Bufumbira rocks are noted for their unusual ultrapotassic chemistry.

Tshibinda
The Tshibinda volcanic field, located west of the SW end of Lake Kivu near the Congo-Rwanda border, consists of a group of three basaltic cinder cones and associated lava flows. Their age is not known precisely, but they may have been active within the past 2000 years.

Africa (western)

Sao Tome
Africa (western)
Sao Tome is a roughly conical island in the Gulf of Guinea that rises to a height of 2024 m from a depth of 3000 m below sea level. The southern and western parts of the island are more dissected, and dramatic phonolitic and trachytic spines rise vertically out of the rain forest. Most of the lavas erupted over the last million years are basaltic in composition. The youngest dated volcanic rock on Sao Tome is 0.1 million years old. However, the Sao Tome shield volcano is dotted with numerous morphologically recent cinder cones, many of which are concentrated on the SE side of the island.

San Carlos
Africa (western)
San Carlos, a 2260-m-high basaltic shield volcano with a broad summit caldera, forms the toe on the SW side of boot-shaped Bioko (Fernando Poo) Island. San Carlos was classified as having been active during the last 2000 years (International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, 1973), although little is known of its geologic history.

San Joaquin
San Joaquin, also known as Pico Biao or Pico do Moka, is a 2009-m-high basaltic shield volcano on the SE side of Bioko (Fernando Poo) Island. A small lake-filled caldera cuts the summit of the forested shield volcano, and a crater lake lies on the NE flank of the volcano. San Joaquin was classified as having been active during the last 2000 years (International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, 1973), although little is known about its geologic history.

Santa Isabel
Santa Isabel is the largest and highest of three coalescing basaltic shield volcanoes forming Bioko (Fernando Poo) Island. Lying on the continental shelf along the Cameroon Line, Santa Isabel is modified by the same NNE faults as Mt. Cameroon across the Gulf of Guinea on the African mainland. The 3007-m-high volcano contains numerous satellitic cinder cones. Santa Isabel is the only Bioko Island volcano with reported historical eruptions, although they are poorly documented. Three eruptions, during the late-19th and early-20th centuries, have been reported form SE flank vents.

Tombel Graben
Young cinder cones and maars dot the low-lying Tombel Graben (also referred to as the Tombel Plain) between Mount Cameroon and Mount Manengouba. Activity in the 10-20 km wide graben began with the emission of large lava flows over a basement of Precambrian metamorphic rocks and Cretaceous sandstones and concluded with explosive activity forming numerous cinder cones. The 800 sq km Tombel Graben volcanic field erupted basanitic, basaltic, and trachybasaltic rocks and contains three large lake-filled maars, including Barombi Mbo, a compound maar near the town of Kumba. Legends record an eruption of Le Djungo (also known as Mont Pelé) that destroyed a village, consistent with its youthful, unvegetated morphology.

Cameroon
Mount Cameroon, one of Africa's largest volcanoes, rises to 4095 m above the coast of west Cameroon. The massive steep-sided volcano of dominantly basaltic-to-trachybasaltic composition forms a volcanic horst constructed above a basement of Precambrian metamorphic rocks covered with Cretaceous to Quaternary sediments. More than 100 small cinder cones, often fissure-controlled parallel to the long axis of the massive 1400 cu km volcano, occur on the flanks and surrounding lowlands. A large satellitic peak, Etinde (also known as Little Cameroon), is located on the southern flank near the coast. Historical activity, the most frequent of west African volcanoes, was first observed in the 5th century BCE by the Carthaginian navigator Hannon. During historical time, moderate explosive and effusive eruptions have occurred from both summit and flank vents. A 1922 SW-flank eruption produced a lava flow that reached the Atlantic coast, and a lava flow from a 1999 south-flank eruption stopped only 200 m from the sea.

Oku Volcanic Field
Numerous maars and basaltic cinder cones lie on or near the deeply dissected rhyolitic and trachytic Mount Oku massif along the Cameroon volcanic line. The Mount Oku stratovolcano is cut by a large caldera. The Oku volcanic field is noted for two crater lakes, Lake Nyos to the north and Lake Monoun to the south, that recently produced catastrophic carbon-dioxide gas release events. The August 15, 1984, gas release at Lake Monoun was attributed to overturn of stratified lake water, triggered by an earthquake and landslide. The Lake Nyos event on August 21, 1986, caused at least 1700 fatalities. The emission of around 1 cu km of magmatic carbon dioxide has been attributed either to overturn of stratified lake waters as a result of a non-volcanic process, or to phreatic explosions or injection of hot gas into the lake.

Ngaoundere Plateau
Summit Elev: m
The Ngaoundere volcanic field is located within a larger late-Miocene region of plateau basalts, plug domes and a single large basanitic-to-trachytic stratovolcano, Nganha. Quaternary volcanism is situated east of Ngaoundere and Wakwa, and consists of scoria cones and lava flows, maars, and tuff cones. A single Potassium-Argon date of 0.9 million years ago has been obtained from a lava flow east of Wakwa, although some volcanoes are possibly of Holocene age (Vincent 1992, pers. comm.). The most recent eruptive activity originated from a chain of cinder cones aligned in a WNW-ESE direction.

Biu Plateau
Longitude: 12°E
The Biu Plateau in NE Nigeria is composed of basaltic lava flows. A large number of recent cinder cones with well-defined craters are aligned in a NNW-SSE direction. Cinder cones and lava flows of the Biu Plateau often contain abundant peridotite xenoliths. The age of the most recent eruption in the volcanic field is not known.

Africa (northern)

Todra Volcanic Field
Africa (northern)
The Todra volcanic field covers a broad area of about 1050 sq km in the Tuareg shield in the southern Aïr region of Niger. Activity began with the eruption of about 30 trachytic and phonolitic volcanoes through Precambrian basement rocks. This was followed by the formation of about 130 basaltic cones that typically produced a valley filling lava flow. A series of NW-SE-trending faults control volcano locations. The date of the latest eruption of the Todra volcanic field is not known, but may have been as recent as a few centuries ago.

Tin Zaouatene Volcanic Field
Africa (northern)
A small volcanic field in the Tin Zaouatene area of Iforas province in eastern Mali, near the border with Algeria and Niger, was assigned a Holocene age (Liegeois et al., 2005). The alkaline Tin Zaouatene volcanic field covers an area of about 50 sq km in the Adrar des Iforas massif of the Tuareg shield.

In Ezzane Volcanic Field
Latitude: 23°N
The In Ezzane volcanic field lies in SE Algeria, near the border with Niger. The alkaline In Ezzane volcanic field, part of which extends into Niger, covers about 500 sq km at the eastern end of Hoggar (Ahaggar) volcanic province and was assigned a Recent age (Liegeois et al., 2005). This poorly known and isolated volcanic field was erupted through basement rocks at the western end of the Saharan meta-craton.

Tahalra Volcanic Field
Longitude: 5°E
The elongated, E-W-trending Tahalra volcanic field covers an area of about 1800 sq km in the Hoggar Province of southern Algeria. The large volcanic field lies WSW of the town of Tamanrasset and was active from the Miocene to the Holocene, producing alkaline strombolian cones and lava flows. The high point of the volcanic field, which was constructed over a basement of Precambrian metamorphic and plutonic rocks of the Tuareg shield, lies near its eastern end. A dozen trachytic-to-rhyolitic lava domes and spines formed during the Pliocene, and Pliocene-to Pleistocene activity formed about 100 small strombolian basaltic (mostly basanitic) cones. The most recent activity during the Pleistocene and Holocene produced about 20 maars and cones along the northern margin of the volcanic field.

Atakor Volcanic Field
The massive Atakor volcanic field is the largest in the Hoggar (or Ahaggar) volcanic province of southern Algeria and covers an area of 2150 sq km. Basaltic (mostly basanitic) scoria cones and lava flows of Pleistocene-Holocene age lie near spectacular older trachytic and phonolitic lava domes and volcanic necks that form some of the most dramatic scenery of northern Africa. The latest stage of activity began around 1.95 million years and continued almost to the present. Lava flows cover Holocene lake sediments dated at about 10,000 year Before Present (BP) and alluvial terraces in which Neolithic artifacts have been found. Historical pottery has been found within lava flows in the Tahifet area, and oral traditions of the Tuareg people also suggest that eruptions were witnessed. Sporadic fumaroles and persistent small-scale seismicity has been noted during historical time.

Manzaz Volcanic Field
The Manzaz volcanic field, north of the Atakor volcanic field in the Hoggar (Ahaggar) volcanic district of Algeria, consists of a large number of scoria cones and associated lava flows. The volcanic field covers an area of 1500 sq km, overlying Precambrian metamorphic and plutonic rocks of the Tuareg shield. Many cones are breached, and the dominantly basaltic and basanitic volcanic products are rich in peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths and megacrysts. The youngest volcanoes rest on Neolithic terraces and are of Holocene age.

Haruj
The extensive Pliocene-to-Holocene Haruj volcanic field covers a broad 45,000 sq km area in central Libya and contains very well-preserved basaltic scoria cones, lava flows, and explosion craters. The youngest lava flows of the Haruj field (also known as Al-Haruj al Aswad or Djebel Haroudj) were considered by Klitzsch (1968) to be Holocene in age and are located at the northern side of the field. The Haruj field contains about 150 volcanoes, 30 of which are small shield volcanoes with heights of between 100 and 400 m. The Haruj volcanics are located along the SE extension of the Hon graben system of late Cretaceous to Tertiary age, near the intersection of the Paleozoic southern Haruj uplift and the western edge of the Mesozoic Tibesti-Sirte uplift.

Wau-en-Namus
The isolated Wau-en-Namus volcanic field (also spelled Waw an Namous or Uaw en Namus) lies in the Sahara desert of south-central Libya, south of the Haruj volcanic field. A 4-km-wide, 100-m-deep caldera contains a post-caldera scoria cone, Wau-en-Namus. An apron of dark basaltic tephra extends 10-20 km around the caldera in stark contrast to the light-colored desert sand prominent in satellite views. Three small salt lakes of variable color contribute to the name of the volcano, which means "Oasis of Mosquitoes." The youthful appearance of the central cone has suggested it may be as young as a few thousand years, although the arid climate may mask its actual age. Yellow sulfur deposits are found in the 150-m-wide crater. Other basaltic lava flows occur several tens of km NW of the volcano.

Toh, Tarso
The Tarso Tôh Pleistocene-to-Holocene volcanic field in the NW part of the arid Tibesti Range of Chad contains 150 scoria cones and two maars. Basaltic lava flows fill valleys and plains over an area of 80 km in an E-W direction and 20-30 km in a N-S direction in the area north of the more well-known Tarso Toussidé volcano. The flows were erupted over a basement of Precambrian schists on the east and Paleozoic sandstones on the west. Sediments within the Begour maar were radiocarbon dated at 8300 +/- 300 years (Hagedorn and Jakel, 1969).

Tousside, Tarso
Tarso Toussidé, a broad volcanic massif at the western end of the Tibesti Range, is capped by the Toussidé stratovolcano, constructed at the western end of the 14-km-wide ignimbritic Yirrigue caldera of Pleistocene age. The 6000 sq km Toussidé massif was constructed over a basement of Precambrian schists on the east and Paleozoic sandstones on the west. The summit contains numerous fumaroles and very youthful lava flows that would be of historical age in an inhabited region (Vincent 1992, pers. comm.). Fresh-looking trachytic and trachyandesitic lava flows from Toussidé cover an area of 200 sq km and extend as far as 25 km from the summit on the western side. The steep-sided, 1-km-deep, 8-km-wide Trou au Natron caldera cuts the SE rim of Yirrigue caldera and is one of the youngeset features of the massif. Ehi Timi and Ehi Sosso volcanoes and the smaller 1.5-km-wide explosion crater of Doon Kidimi are located on the NE-to-ESE flanks of the massif.

Koussi, Emi
Pyroclastic shield
The large volcano of Emi Koussi at the SE end of the Tibesti Range forms the highest summit of the Sahara. The 60 x 80 km massif was constructed over a basement of Cretaceous and Paleozoic sandstones. Two nested calderas, 12 x 15 km in size, truncate the dominantly trachytic volcano, whose 3415 m high point lies on the southern caldera rim of the low-angle pyroclastic shield volcano. The calderas contain several explosion craters, lava domes, and young scoria cones, along with lava flows of recent and pre-modern age (Geze et al., 1959). The spectacular Era Kohor (Trou au Natron du Koussi) caldera on the SE floor of the 2nd caldera is 2-3 km wide and 350 m deep. The latest activity in the calderas produced three maars, and numerous basaltic cinder cones and associated lava flows have been constructed both within the calderas and on their outer flanks. The Yi-Yerra thermal area is located on the S flank.

Voon, Tarso
The broad summit of Tarso Voon volcano, located in the west-central part of the Tibesti Range, is truncated by a shallow 14 x 18 km wide caldera. Ignimbrite deposits surround the caldera to distances of 15-35 km. It was constructed over a basement of Precambrian schists. Youthful-looking Quaternary basaltic lava flows have been erupted from vents near the caldera rim over a 180-degree area extending counterclockwise from the NE and from Ehi Mousgau, a 3100-m-high stratovolcano located to the NW. The Soborom solfatara field, the largest in the Tibesti Range, is located in an area of volcano-tectonic uplift 5 km west of the caldera rim. Its fumaroles, active mud pots, and boiling waters are visited by Tibesti peoples for medicinal uses.

Marra, Jebel
The most prominent feature of the vast Jebel Marra volcanic field, located in the Darfur province of western Sudan, is the youthful Deriba caldera. The 5-km-wide, steep-walled caldera, located at the southern end of the field, was formed about 3500 years ago at the time of the eruption of voluminous airfall pumice and pyroclastic flows that traveled more than 30 km from the volcano. The Jebel Marra volcanic field covers a broad area of the Marra Mountains and contains early basaltic lava flows overlain by thick sequences of pyroclastic-flow deposits. The northern part of the field displays trachytic lava plugs and spines forming residual inselbergs and young basaltic scoria cones and lava flows. Ash eruptions at Deriba caldera may have continued into early historical time (Burton and Wickers, 1966), and fumarolic activity has been observed on the flanks of a small pyroclastic cone within the caldera.

Kutum Volcanic Field
The Kutum basaltic volcanic field in the northern Darfur area of western Sudan, is located SW of the larger Meidob volcanic field. As with other Saharan volcanic fields, Kutum (also known as the Tagabo Hills or Berti Hills) contains very well-preserved cones, lava flows, and explosion craters. They were considered to be of late-Pleistocene or even Holocene age (Almond, 1974). Franz et al. (1997), however, assigned only Tertiary age ranges for rocks from Tagabo Hills.

Meidob Volcanic Field
The alkaline Meidob volcanic field in western Sudan, at the NE end of the Darfur volcanic province, covers an area of 5000 sq km with nearly 700 Pliocene-to-Holocene vents. The field was constructed over an uplifted Precambrian igneous and metamorphic basement and is elongated in an E-W direction. Basaltic scoria cones and associated lava flows dominate, but trachytic-phonolitic lava domes, tuff rings, and maars are among the youngest volcanic products. Basaltic scoria cones are scattered throughout the field; their lavas have produced a broad lava plateau. The central part of the field consists of younger phonolitic lava flows, trachytic pumice-fall deposits, ignimbrites, and maars. The youngest dated eruptions about 5000 years ago produced a tuff ring and a lava flow.

Bayuda Volcanic Field
The Bayuda volcanic field is located in the Bayuda Desert of NE Sudan, south of the major Abu Hamed bend of the Nile River about 300 km north of capital city of Khartoum. More than 90 eruptive centers along a WNW-ESE line were constructed over Precambrian and Paleozoic granitic rocks near the center of the Bayuda Desert. Most vents are cinder cones that produced lava flows which breached the cones. About 10% of vents in the field are explosion craters, the largest of which, named Hosh ed Dalam, is 1.3 km wide and up to 500 m deep. The youngest basalts appear to post-date the last period of moist climate in Sudan, which ended as recently as about 5000 years ago. One of the least eroded lava flows was dated at about 1100 years ago.

Séismes superficiels
De 1973 à 2014 et de magnitude >5
- Cliquer sur les points pour avoir des informations
Réalisé à partir des données de l'USGS per MJ Broussaud
Cette création est mise à disposition sous un contrat Creative Commons.

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Profondeur 10 à 70 km

Field Name | Field Value
depth | 10
mag | 5.8
place | 26km E of Dehloran, Iran

Field Name | Field Value
depth | 10
mag | 5.2
place | 33km E of Dehloran, Iran

Field Name | Field Value
depth | 10
mag | 5.6
place | 45km E of Dehloran, Iran

place | 36km SE of Abdanan, Iran

place | Mid-Indian Ridge

mag | 5

place | 2km SSW of Xiluodu, China

depth | 30.65
mag | 5
place | Off the east coast of Honshu, Japan

depth | 28.26
mag | 5
place | 41km SSE of Talghar, Kazakhstan

depth | 52.97
place | 17km ENE of Iquique, Chile

place | 173km W of Ile Hunter, New Caledonia

place | Central Mid-Atlantic Ridge

place | Federated States of Micronesia region

place | 16km W of Santiago Pinotepa Nacional, Mexico

place | 169km ENE of Angoram, Papua New Guinea

place | 148km SE of Hihifo, Tonga

place | West Chile Rise

place | 160km NE of Neiafu, Tonga

place | 184km ESE of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | 101km NE of Chichi-shima, Japan

place | 74km ENE of Santa Rosalia, Mexico

place | 118km SE of Atka, Alaska

place | 81km E of Mutsu, Japan

place | 35km SE of Buala, Solomon Islands

place | 107km NE of Chichi-shima, Japan

place | 49km NW of Port-Olry, Vanuatu

place | 56km WSW of San Antonio, Chile

place | 107km SE of Kimbe, Papua New Guinea

place | Kepulauan Barat Daya, Indonesia

place | 143km SSE of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | 76km WSW of Banda Aceh, Indonesia

place | 169km SSW of Sechura, Peru

place | 19km NNW of Papayal, Peru

place | 42km S of Kirakira, Solomon Islands

place | 75km W of Buenaventura, Colombia

place | 11km WNW of Wenping, China

place | 155km NNW of Visokoi Island,

place | 35km E of Saga, China

place | 182km SSW of Lorengau, Papua New Guinea

place | 140km WSW of Naze, Japan

place | 160km NNW of Visokoi Island,

place | 124km NNE of Neiafu, Tonga

place | 11km NNW of Bordj el Kiffan, Algeria

place | 137km NNW of Visokoi Island,

place | 284km ENE of Port Blair, India

place | 283km SSW of `Ohonua, Tonga

place | 119km SW of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge

place | 39km SW of Kirakira, Solomon Islands

place | 293km SSW of Vaini, Tonga

place | South Indian Ocean

place | Andaman Islands, India region

place | 70km SSW of Ialibu, Papua New Guinea

place | 125km SW of Ngulu, Micronesia

place | Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge

place | East of the South Sandwich Islands

place | 56km ESE of Shikotan, Russia

place | 236km NE of Chichi-shima, Japan

place | 81km W of Gustavus, Alaska

place | South of Tonga

place | 76km ENE of Mutsu, Japan

place | 6km NNE of Hinundayan, Philippines

place | 100km S of Ngulung Wetan, Indonesia

place | Carlsberg Ridge

place | 20km SW of Coyuca de Benitez, Mexico

place | 49km NNE of Minab, Iran

place | 287km WSW of Merizo Village, Guam

place | 90km SE of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | Owen Fracture Zone region

place | 116km SSW of Isangel, Vanuatu

place | South of the Kermadec Islands

place | 112km E of Lakatoro, Vanuatu

place | 76km W of Iquique, Chile

place | 125km W of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | 140km SSW of Abepura, Indonesia

place | 93km NNW of Yakutat, Alaska

place | 78km E of Hengchun, Taiwan

place | 118km SE of Honiara, Solomon Islands

place | 114km SE of Honiara, Solomon Islands

place | 88km SSW of Vaini, Tonga

place | 85km E of Nikolski, Alaska

place | 89km W of Rabaul, Papua New Guinea

place | 90km W of Rabaul, Papua New Guinea

place | 162km SSW of Camana, Peru

place | 86km SSE of Pondaguitan, Philippines

place | Easter Island region

place | 73km SSW of Ngulung Wetan, Indonesia

place | 21km W of Iquique, Chile

place | 98km W of Rabaul, Papua New Guinea

place | 25km S of Khulm, Afghanistan

place | 107km SSW of Painan, Indonesia

place | 7km S of Quillota, Chile

place | 153km E of Iwaki, Japan

place | 143km E of Iwaki, Japan

place | 140km ESE of Namie, Japan

place | 86km SSW of Chirovanga, Solomon Islands

place | Balleny Islands region

place | 38km NNE of Mollendo, Peru

place | 130km NE of Shache, China

place | 13km N of Shiraoi, Japan

place | 102km SE of Hualian, Taiwan

place | 131km WNW of Tual, Indonesia

place | 43km S of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 14km ENE of Ocos, Guatemala

place | 16km W of Puerto Madero, Mexico

place | 10km SSW of Canas, Costa Rica

place | 7km SE of Layo, Peru

place | 86km SE of Sinabang, Indonesia

place | 126km S of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | 8km ENE of Miyako, Japan

place | Azores Islands region

place | 196km S of Taron, Papua New Guinea

place | 86km WSW of Chirovanga, Solomon Islands

place | 209km SW of Abepura, Indonesia

place | 191km SE of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | 79km SSE of Lolayan, Indonesia

place | 145km SE of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | 80km WSW of San Antonio, Chile

place | 92km W of Cabra, Philippines

place | Pacific-Antarctic Ridge

place | 96km SSE of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | 97km SSE of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | North of Ascension Island

place | 215km WNW of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 3km SSE of Zaqatala, Azerbaijan

place | 201km SSE of Mata-Utu, Wallis and Futuna

place | 122km E of Bitung, Indonesia

place | 138km ESE of Iwo Jima, Japan

place | Western Indian-Antarctic Ridge

place | Off the east coast of Honshu, Japan

place | 52km ENE of Amatignak Island, Alaska

place | Prince Edward Islands region

place | 38km ESE of Buldir Island, Alaska

place | 156km WSW of Abepura, Indonesia

place | 80km ENE of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 169km N of Tobelo, Indonesia

place | 98km E of Sulangan, Philippines

place | 49km NE of Bandar-e Ganaveh, Iran

place | 100km WNW of Iquique, Chile

place | 93km WNW of Iquique, Chile

place | 46km SW of Taron, Papua New Guinea

place | 80km S of Amukta Island, Alaska

place | 83km WNW of Iquique, Chile

place | 85km WNW of Sola, Vanuatu

place | 62km S of Hirara, Japan

place | 163km SSE of Sinabang, Indonesia

place | 248km E of Ittoqqortoormiit, Greenland

place | 104km SSE of San Andres, Colombia

place | 33km ENE of Noatak, Alaska

place | 5km S of Cuilco, Guatemala

place | 51km WSW of Tumaco, Colombia

place | 21km ENE of Iwaki, Japan

place | 89km ESE of Iwaki, Japan

place | 90km SSW of Kirakira, Solomon Islands

place | 36km N of Finschhafen, Papua New Guinea

place | 17km W of Kishtwar, India

place | 74km W of Khuzdar, Pakistan

place | Izu Islands, Japan region

place | 116km W of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | 198km NW of Sorong, Indonesia

place | 7km NE of Placer, Philippines

place | 105km S of Naze, Japan

place | 56km ENE of Burgos, Philippines

place | 95km SE of Laiwui, Indonesia

place | 106km WSW of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | 26km W of Camana, Peru

place | 9km NNW of Dayuanhuizu, China

place | 30km WNW of Linaon, Philippines

place | 56km W of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | 66km E of Severo-Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 105km E of Artyom, Azerbaijan

place | 36km NE of Noatak, Alaska

place | 178km NW of Hihifo, Tonga

place | Scotia Sea

place | 80km SW of Iquique, Chile

place | 77km WSW of Haines, Alaska

place | 20km W of Chilca, Peru

place | 213km WNW of Lautoka, Fiji

place | 58km ESE of General Luna, Philippines

place | 185km W of Abepura, Indonesia

place | 39km SSW of Tympakion, Greece

place | North Indian Ocean

place | 31km ENE of Cortes, Philippines

place | 41km ENE of Cortes, Philippines

place | 36km ENE of Burgos, Philippines

place | 32km ENE of Cortes, Philippines

place | 43km ENE of Burgos, Philippines

place | 112km S of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | 39km E of Cortes, Philippines

place | 85km E of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 15km E of Cortes, Philippines

place | 40km E of Cortes, Philippines

place | 89km NNE of Tocopilla, Chile

place | 29km NNW of Pingyuan, China

place | 105km S of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | 144km SE of Modayag, Indonesia

place | 93km NW of Tome, Chile

place | 51km NW of Dib Dibba, Oman

place | 48km S of Puerto San Jose, Guatemala

place | 58km SSW of Puerto San Jose, Guatemala

place | 108km SSW of Kotaagung, Indonesia

place | 10km S of San Juan Cacahuatepec, Mexico

place | 115km S of Kirakira, Solomon Islands

place | 81km SSW of Kirakira, Solomon Islands

place | 235km SW of Biha, Indonesia

place | 29km NW of Piru, Indonesia

place | 275km SE of Konarka, India

place | 33km E of Bandar-e Ganaveh, Iran

place | 36km E of Bandar-e Ganaveh, Iran

place | 19km NNW of Ovalle, Chile

place | 26km SSW of Hualian, Taiwan

place | 126km ESE of Visokoi Island,

place | 130km ESE of Visokoi Island,

place | 142km ESE of Visokoi Island,

place | Central East Pacific Rise

place | 11km SSW of Cerrik, Albania

place | 171km S of Mata-Utu, Wallis and Futuna

place | 203km SSE of Isangel, Vanuatu

place | Off the west coast of northern Sumatra

place | 168km SSE of Mata-Utu, Wallis and Futuna

place | 87km W of Kuripan, Indonesia

place | Ascension Island region

place | 118km NE of Grande Anse, Guadeloupe

place | 16km NNW of Paijan, Peru

place | 51km WSW of Alim, Philippines

place | 106km SSE of Ifalik, Micronesia

place | 103km SSE of Ifalik, Micronesia

place | 86km SE of Punta de Burica, Panama

place | 72km SE of Punta de Burica, Panama

place | 62km SSW of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | 110km SE of Punta de Burica, Panama

place | 5km W of Chiba-shi, Japan

place | Off the coast of Oregon

place | Southern East Pacific Rise

place | 67km S of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | Chagos Archipelago region

place | 58km WSW of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | 101km SSE of Pondaguitan, Philippines

place | Southeast Indian Ridge

place | 201km N of Madang, Papua New Guinea

place | 241km SSW of `Ohonua, Tonga

place | 14km WSW of Tecpan de Galeana, Mexico

place | 105km SW of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | 230km S of `Ohonua, Tonga

place | 6km WSW of Tecpan de Galeana, Mexico

place | 116km S of Severo-Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 56km S of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea

place | 111km SW of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | 8km WSW of Mae Suai, Thailand

place | 8km NE of Mae Suai, Thailand

place | 66km W of Iquique, Chile

place | 37km SSW of Honiara, Solomon Islands

place | 166km NE of Arzak, China

place | 92km WSW of Onan Ganjang, Indonesia

place | 106km ESE of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 258km SE of Kamaishi, Japan

place | 70km SSE of Namlea, Indonesia

place | 149km W of Neiafu, Tonga

place | 76km WSW of Onan Ganjang, Indonesia

place | 109km SSE of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 36km NNW of Valparaiso, Chile

place | 80km SSE of Punta de Burica, Panama

place | 70km ENE of Hami, China

place | 173km S of L'Esperance Rock, New Zealand

place | 226km SSW of `Ohonua, Tonga

place | 197km WSW of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | Southwest Indian Ridge

place | 88km NE of Kurumkan, Russia

place | 207km WNW of Da Qaidam Hu, China

place | 66km NE of Nuku`alofa, Tonga

place | Greenland Sea

place | 26km NW of Kish, Iran

place | 277km SSE of Sigave, Wallis and Futuna

place | 158km NNE of Neiafu, Tonga

place | South of the Fiji Islands

place | 73km SSE of Bristol Island, South Sandwich Islands

place | 103km N of Constitucion, Chile

place | 120km S of Port Hardy, Canada

place | 22km SW of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 96km S of Naze, Japan

place | 140km ESE of Pangai, Tonga

place | 47km E of Adak, Alaska

place | 114km NW of Iquique, Chile

place | 118km ESE of Pangai, Tonga

place | 277km WSW of Merizo Village, Guam

place | 295km E of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Russia

place | 50km W of Kandrian, Papua New Guinea

place | 127km SW of Padangsidempuan, Indonesia

place | 95km S of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | 88km SSW of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | 53km E of Stoney Ground, Anguilla

place | 11km SSE of Petatlan, Mexico

place | 70km SSW of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | 18km NE of Noatak, Alaska

place | 20km NE of Noatak, Alaska

place | 127km S of Wonosari, Indonesia

place | Guerrero, Mexico

place | 122km S of Bambanglipuro, Indonesia

place | 124km WSW of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 120km WSW of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | Kuril Islands

place | 167km W of Sabtang, Philippines

place | 110km E of Namie, Japan

place | 138km SSE of Kirakira, Solomon Islands

place | 155km SSE of Taron, Papua New Guinea

place | Southeast of Easter Island

place | Bouvet Island region

place | 32km E of Aras-asan, Philippines

place | 149km SE of Kirakira, Solomon Islands

place | 140km SE of Kirakira, Solomon Islands

place | 101km S of Ierapetra, Greece

place | 71km S of Kirakira, Solomon Islands

place | 60km SW of Kirakira, Solomon Islands

place | 88km SW of Iquique, Chile

place | 127km SSE of Kirakira, Solomon Islands

place | 176km SW of Nadi, Fiji

place | 121km SSE of Kirakira, Solomon Islands

place | 73km WSW of Iquique, Chile

place | 103km S of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | 166km E of Visokoi Island,

place | 43km WNW of Cartagena, Chile

place | 72km SW of Iquique, Chile

place | 13km WSW of Ciudad Sandino, Nicaragua

place | 16km SW of Valle San Francisco, Nicaragua

place | 78km NNW of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 128km S of Vanimo, Papua New Guinea

place | 264km ESE of Kulumadau, Papua New Guinea

place | 148km WNW of Attu Station, Alaska

place | 93km WSW of Iquique, Chile

place | 74km SE of Neiafu, Tonga

place | 80km SSW of Aitape, Papua New Guinea

place | 25km N of Vina del Mar, Chile

place | 59km E of Kamaishi, Japan

place | 4km SE of Xiluodu, China

place | South of Africa

place | 25km WSW of Kirakira, Solomon Islands

place | 159km S of Bengkulu, Indonesia

place | 68km WSW of Iquique, Chile

place | 66km SSW of Iquique, Chile

place | 12km NE of Ofunato, Japan

place | 48km SSE of Pedregal, Panama

place | 71km NW of Iquique, Chile

place | 193km W of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 80km N of Iquique, Chile

place | 136km SW of Ongjin, North Korea

place | 44km SW of Hastings, New Zealand

place | 99km E of Maindong, China

place | 18km W of Maoping, China

place | 109km ESE of Takahagi, Japan

place | 124km S of Taron, Papua New Guinea

place | Fiji region

place | 15km SSW of Masachapa, Nicaragua

place | 75km SW of Vinchina, Argentina

place | 69km SW of Vinchina, Argentina

place | 124km E of Bitung, Indonesia

place | 199km E of Naze, Japan

place | 16km ESE of Coronel Marcelino Mariduena, Ecuador

place | 33km NW of Taltal, Chile

place | 227km NNW of Tobelo, Indonesia

place | 254km ESE of Hotan, China

place | 98km SE of San Felipe, Mexico

place | 108km ESE of Mohean, India

place | 118km SE of Mohean, India

place | 115km ESE of Mohean, India

place | 114km ESE of Mohean, India

place | 118km S of Sidorukun, Indonesia

place | 82km SSW of Taron, Papua New Guinea

place | 90km SSW of Taron, Papua New Guinea

place | 73km WSW of Masachapa, Nicaragua

place | 81km SSW of Taron, Papua New Guinea

place | 200km SSE of Bristol Island, South Sandwich Islands

place | 170km NNE of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | 68km ENE of Hualian, Taiwan

place | 92km S of Taron, Papua New Guinea

place | 71km SW of Yonakuni, Japan

place | 53km ESE of Iwaki, Japan

place | 6km WSW of Malimono, Philippines

place | 16km W of Sechura, Peru

place | 40km WSW of Santa Cruz, Chile

place | 92km NE of San Isidro, Philippines

place | 205km W of Bengkulu, Indonesia

place | 24km S of Paracas, Peru

place | 97km ENE of Amahai, Indonesia

place | 212km WSW of Gold Beach, Oregon

place | 5km S of Amatignak Island, Alaska

place | 218km S of `Ohonua, Tonga

place | 202km S of `Ohonua, Tonga

place | 6km W of Sakura, Japan

place | 78km WNW of Ferndale, California

place | 56km ESE of Myaydo, Burma

place | Southwest of Africa

place | 35km N of Finschhafen, Papua New Guinea

place | 177km NE of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | 174km NE of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | 169km SE of Sigave, Wallis and Futuna

place | 128km SE of Kimbe, Papua New Guinea

place | 189km S of Bristol Island, South Sandwich Islands

place | 33km SSE of Villa Alemana, Chile

place | 63km SSE of Buldir Island, Alaska

place | 163km WNW of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | 25km W of San Antonio, Chile

place | 31km W of San Antonio, Chile

place | 276km SSE of Hachijo-jima, Japan

place | 29km W of Valparaiso, Chile

place | 33km WNW of Naha-shi, Japan

place | 105km SW of Puerto Madero, Mexico

place | 98km SW of Puerto Madero, Mexico

place | 297km W of Puerto Chacabuco, Chile

place | Off the coast of Aisen, Chile

place | 90km E of `Ohonua, Tonga

place | 296km W of Puerto Chacabuco, Chile

place | 292km W of Puerto Chacabuco, Chile

place | 33km SW of Jiquilillo, Nicaragua

place | 136km WSW of Kota Ternate, Indonesia

place | Drake Passage

place | 132km W of Kota Ternate, Indonesia

place | 113km S of Pisangkemeng, Indonesia

place | 43km ESE of Palu, Indonesia

place | 90km ESE of Shikotan, Russia

place | 171km SE of Sinabang, Indonesia

place | 182km SSE of Sinabang, Indonesia

place | 129km NE of L'Esperance Rock, New Zealand

place | South Atlantic Ocean

place | 96km S of L'Esperance Rock, New Zealand

place | 44km NNE of Nogliki, Russia

place | 15km S of Sanare, Venezuela

place | 12km ENE of Santiago, Peru

place | 102km S of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea

place | 114km NNE of Finschhafen, Papua New Guinea

place | 68km W of Callaguip, Philippines

place | 172km NNE of Bathsheba, Barbados

place | 102km NNW of Boroko, Indonesia

place | 146km S of False Pass, Alaska

place | 9km NNE of Tame, Colombia

place | 16km WNW of Davila, Philippines

place | 61km W of Illapel, Chile

place | 11km NNW of Lixourion, Greece

place | 87km SE of Tual, Indonesia

place | 133km SSE of Isangel, Vanuatu

place | 139km SSE of Isangel, Vanuatu

place | 26km WSW of Santa Cruz, Chile

place | 268km ESE of Hotan, China

place | 272km ESE of Hotan, China

place | 242km NNW of Pubu, China

place | 107km NNW of Atambua, Indonesia

place | 82km E of `Ohonua, Tonga

place | 21km N of Mughan, Azerbaijan

place | 135km E of Miyako, Japan

place | 28km N of Carahue, Chile

place | 122km WNW of Panguna, Papua New Guinea

place | 41km SW of Honiara, Solomon Islands

place | 21km E of Iwaki, Japan

place | 33km ENE of Namie, Japan

place | 5km E of Hirara, Japan

place | 111km SE of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 93km S of Isangel, Vanuatu

place | 70km SE of Ofunato, Japan

place | 79km E of `Ohonua, Tonga

place | 105km NE of Tocopilla, Chile

place | 165km ENE of Kavieng, Papua New Guinea

place | 260km ENE of Port Blair, India

place | 168km W of Sabtang, Philippines

place | 261km SSE of L'Esperance Rock, New Zealand

place | 90km SE of Minab, Iran

place | 189km SSE of L'Esperance Rock, New Zealand

place | 82km SE of Acari, Peru

place | 115km ENE of Dofa, Indonesia

place | 96km SSE of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 76km ESE of Amatignak Island, Alaska

place | 52km WNW of Mawlaik, Burma

place | 108km SSE of Auki, Solomon Islands

place | Reykjanes Ridge

place | 138km SSW of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 10km NE of Taron, Papua New Guinea

place | 117km N of Dobo, Indonesia

place | 4km NNW of Lixourion, Greece

place | 2km SW of Balanacan, Philippines

place | 8km WNW of Sami, Greece

place | 52km NNE of Shwebo, Burma

place | 94km NNE of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 61km N of Port-Vila, Vanuatu

place | 27km SW of Zorritos, Peru

place | 211km W of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 38km SSE of Adipala, Indonesia

place | 166km NNW of Saumlaki, Indonesia

place | 64km WNW of Pagsanahan Norte, Philippines

place | 134km SE of Rota, Northern Mariana Islands

place | 217km NNE of Ile Hunter, New Caledonia

place | 137km NW of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 106km ESE of Pangai, Tonga

place | 168km S of Severo-Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 56km S of Yap, Micronesia

place | 35km NNE of Masterton, New Zealand

place | 77km WNW of Abepura, Indonesia

place | 201km N of Chichi-shima, Japan

place | 27km WSW of Jaco, Costa Rica

place | 43km S of Naze, Japan

place | 241km E of Bouvet Island, Bouvet Island

place | 236km E of Bouvet Island, Bouvet Island

place | 16km S of Amatignak Island, Alaska

place | 13km SW of Amatignak Island, Alaska

place | 119km NW of Kota Ternate, Indonesia

place | 91km NE of Miyako, Japan

place | 71km SE of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 29km NNW of Turkmenbasy, Turkmenistan

place | 61km N of Hatillo, Puerto Rico

place | 129km NE of Hirara, Japan

place | 80km S of Lakatoro, Vanuatu

place | 26km NNW of Corralillo, Cuba

place | 220km NNE of Ile Hunter, New Caledonia

place | 27km SW of Tugu Hilir, Indonesia

place | 21km W of Santa Maria, Colombia

place | 22km NNW of Kish, Iran

place | 116km W of Nabire, Indonesia

place | 122km SE of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 41km SE of Shizunai, Japan

place | 33km W of Chernabura Island, Alaska

place | 212km NNE of Ile Hunter, New Caledonia

place | Banda Sea

place | 164km NNE of Tobelo, Indonesia

place | 167km NNE of Tobelo, Indonesia

place | 33km SW of Kaliandak, Indonesia

place | 44km S of Novita, Colombia

place | 218km ESE of Namie, Japan

place | 81km SW of Chirovanga, Solomon Islands

place | 104km SSW of Vaini, Tonga

place | 97km NNW of Burgos, Philippines

place | 84km NNW of Davila, Philippines

place | 52km NE of San Isidro, Philippines

place | 76km NNW of Davila, Philippines

place | 92km NW of Davila, Philippines

place | 83km NNW of Davila, Philippines

place | 77km NNW of Burgos, Philippines

place | 114km NNE of Neiafu, Tonga

place | 93km ENE of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 110km ENE of San Isidro, Philippines

place | 5km NE of San Potito Sannitico, Italy

place | 119km E of Bitung, Indonesia

place | 164km SE of Taron, Papua New Guinea

place | 185km E of Farallon de Pajaros, Northern Mariana Islands

place | 77km SSW of Avsallar, Turkey

place | 181km E of Farallon de Pajaros, Northern Mariana Islands

place | 67km ESE of Hachinohe, Japan

place | 193km S of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea

place | 179km ENE of Tokar, Sudan

place | 97km NE of Visokoi Island,

place | 135km E of Hasaki, Japan

place | 184km E of Farallon de Pajaros, Northern Mariana Islands

place | 127km WSW of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 15km NW of Shushenskoye, Russia

place | 231km NNW of Tobelo, Indonesia

place | 12km S of Asahi, Japan

place | 107km SSE of Tondano, Indonesia

place | 236km SE of Vao, New Caledonia

place | 34km WNW of Warah, Pakistan

place | 223km SSW of Severo-Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 222km NNW of Tobelo, Indonesia

place | 294km ESE of Grytviken, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

place | 153km WSW of Te Anau, New Zealand

place | 228km SW of Biha, Indonesia

place | 10km ENE of Xinling, China

place | 35km NE of Norsup, Vanuatu

place | 3km ENE of Huicungo, Peru

place | 6km S of Asahi, Japan

place | 31km SW of Playas, Ecuador

place | 40km S of El Rosario, El Salvador

place | 84km NE of Poso, Indonesia

place | 23km ENE of Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 217km ENE of Socorro Island, Mexico

place | 210km WSW of Kuripan, Indonesia

place | 112km ESE of Kitaibaraki, Japan

place | 71km S of Gazanjyk, Turkmenistan

place | 288km SE of Bristol Island, South Sandwich Islands

place | 120km NNE of Tobelo, Indonesia

place | 134km SE of Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 119km ENE of Chernabura Island, Alaska

place | 93km WSW of San Antonio, Chile

place | 108km NNE of Chirikof Island, Alaska

place | 26km SE of Chkalovsk, Tajikistan

place | 78km W of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 190km ESE of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | 7km E of Tibanbang, Philippines

place | 224km SE of Sarangani, Philippines

place | 91km ESE of Kitaibaraki, Japan

place | 59km SSE of Sinabang, Indonesia

place | 69km SE of Sinabang, Indonesia

place | 39km SSW of Zihuatanejo, Mexico

place | 218km WSW of Gold Beach, Oregon

place | 107km E of Visokoi Island,

place | 73km SE of Motuo, China

place | 106km ENE of Anatahan, Northern Mariana Islands

place | 145km SSW of Padangsidempuan, Indonesia

place | Indian Ocean Triple Junction

place | 75km ESE of Kimbe, Papua New Guinea

place | 76km SSW of Atka, Alaska

place | 56km E of Ishinomaki, Japan

place | Falkland Islands region

place | 247km E of Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 51km N of Wakkanai, Japan

place | 38km SW of Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran

place | 41km SSW of Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran

place | 105km WNW of Kirakira, Solomon Islands

place | 47km ESE of Lazarev, Russia

place | 31km SW of Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran

place | 39km NNE of Changling, China

place | 234km W of Kamiiso, Japan

place | 28km SW of Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran

place | 277km W of Banda Aceh, Indonesia

place | 159km SE of Visokoi Island,

place | 79km SSE of Yap, Micronesia

place | 94km SE of Yap, Micronesia

place | 22km ENE of Kupang, Indonesia

place | 2km E of Chiba-shi, Japan

place | 237km SE of Iwo Jima, Japan

place | 18km ENE of Kamaishi, Japan

place | 69km SW of Yonakuni, Japan

place | 63km NNE of Naze, Japan

place | 97km W of Banda Aceh, Indonesia

place | 26km NNE of Amatignak Island, Alaska

place | 81km ENE of Mutsu, Japan

place | 32km NNE of Amatignak Island, Alaska

place | 77km SW of Chirovanga, Solomon Islands

place | 172km S of Ust'-Kamchatsk Staryy, Russia

place | 147km NW of Kota Ternate, Indonesia

place | 9km SE of Boshkengash, Tajikistan

place | 3km WSW of Moriya, Japan

place | 152km NE of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | 202km SE of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 42km S of Ngulu, Micronesia

place | 210km WSW of Port Hardy, Canada

place | 72km WNW of Lebu, Chile

place | 222km WNW of Abepura, Indonesia

place | 24km S of Bokakhat, India

place | 96km E of Nago, Japan

place | 85km NNW of Lae, Papua New Guinea

place | 140km NNE of Bristol Island, South Sandwich Islands

place | 60km ESE of Haebaru, Japan

place | 123km E of Ishinomaki, Japan

place | 153km S of False Pass, Alaska

place | 169km ESE of Neiafu, Tonga

place | 177km ESE of Neiafu, Tonga

place | 152km ESE of Neiafu, Tonga

place | 1km WSW of Nueva Fuerza, Philippines

place | 41km SSW of Coquimbo, Chile

place | 121km E of Ishinomaki, Japan

place | 46km SSW of Hualian, Taiwan

place | 232km ENE of Ile Rodrigues, Mauritius

place | 31km S of Qian'an, China

place | 45km N of Sangumata, Indonesia

place | 23km WNW of Port-Olry, Vanuatu

place | 88km W of Constitucion, Chile

place | 71km W of Constitucion, Chile

place | 93km SSE of Nikolski, Alaska

place | 300km SW of Longyearbyen, Svalbard and Jan Mayen

place | 12km S of Guarumal, Panama

place | 85km S of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 289km N of Bamboo Flat, India

place | 71km W of Pizarro, Colombia

place | 93km NE of L'Esperance Rock, New Zealand

place | 47km ESE of Sarangani, Philippines

place | 9km ESE of Inabanga, Philippines

place | 83km ENE of Namie, Japan

place | 94km SW of Atka, Alaska

place | 129km W of Lebu, Chile

place | 231km ESE of Tadine, New Caledonia

place | 281km SSE of Georgetown, Saint Helena

place | 56km NNE of Thang, India

place | 6km ENE of Balilihan, Philippines

place | 94km ENE of Visokoi Island,

place | West of the Galapagos Islands

place | 10km WSW of Loon, Philippines

place | 36km SE of Surab, Pakistan

place | 24km SSE of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 6km SW of Bood, Philippines

place | 11km WNW of Duljo, Philippines

place | 3km WNW of San Agustin, Philippines

place | 8km NW of Duljo, Philippines

place | 42km NNE of Abapo, Bolivia

place | 6km ENE of Loon, Philippines

place | 4km SSE of Clarin, Philippines

place | 11km W of Loon, Philippines

place | 0km ENE of Catigbian, Philippines

place | 1km S of Panaytayon, Philippines

place | 9km NNW of San Agustin, Philippines

place | 6km N of Nueva Fuerza, Philippines

place | 0km N of Danao, Philippines

place | 1km ENE of Casay, Philippines

place | 2km SSW of Inabanga, Philippines

place | 5km W of San Miguel, Philippines

place | 4km SE of Sagbayan, Philippines

place | 72km SSW of Painan, Indonesia

place | West of Macquarie Island

place | 35km WSW of Meulaboh, Indonesia

place | 102km SSE of Suva, Fiji

place | 31km W of Platanos, Greece

place | 36km N of Gueiria, Venezuela

place | 112km SW of Kuripan, Indonesia

place | 64km SSW of Nikolski, Alaska

place | 137km SSW of Nishinoomote, Japan

place | 193km E of Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 138km ENE of Samarai, Papua New Guinea

place | 137km ENE of Samarai, Papua New Guinea

place | 93km SE of Atka, Alaska

place | 153km SSE of Amsterdam Island,

place | 113km SE of Amsterdam Island,

place | 43km E of Tobelo, Indonesia

place | 96km NE of L'Esperance Rock, New Zealand

place | 35km NW of Jiangyou, China

place | 73km E of Nikol'skoye, Russia

place | 108km W of Sola, Vanuatu

place | 46km ESE of Naze, Japan

place | 150km WNW of Abepura, Indonesia

place | 151km N of Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, Ecuador

place | 42km NE of Nuku`alofa, Tonga

place | 142km WNW of Kimbe, Papua New Guinea

place | 7km NNW of Curanilahue, Chile

place | 18km NNW of Lebu, Chile

place | 67km S of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 85km NNE of Awaran, Pakistan

place | 117km SE of Honiara, Solomon Islands

place | 120km WNW of Cabra, Philippines

place | 49km NW of Rabaul, Papua New Guinea

place | 46km SSE of Acari, Peru

place | 127km W of Attu Station, Alaska

place | 78km NNE of Awaran, Pakistan

place | 130km SW of Druzhina, Russia

place | 98km WSW of Khuzdar, Pakistan

place | 185km WNW of Chichi-shima, Japan

place | 102km NNE of Awaran, Pakistan

place | 11km N of Awaran, Pakistan

place | 81km SW of Uthal, Pakistan

place | 113km SSW of Kute, Indonesia

place | 54km SSW of Shemya Island, Alaska

place | 244km SSE of L'Esperance Rock, New Zealand

place | 20km WSW of Naica, Mexico

place | 180km SW of Amatignak Island, Alaska

place | 78km S of Nishinoomote, Japan

place | 56km ESE of Hongtu, China

place | 15km NNW of Massawa, Eritrea

place | 65km SE of Ofunato, Japan

place | 52km NNW of Port-Olry, Vanuatu

place | 77km SSW of Atka, Alaska

place | 137km SE of Nikol'skoye, Russia

place | 89km SSW of Atka, Alaska

place | 91km NW of Bouvet Island, Bouvet Island

place | 87km S of Amukta Island, Alaska

place | 70km SW of Acajutla, El Salvador

place | 246km S of L'Esperance Rock, New Zealand

place | 83km ENE of Bunobogu, Indonesia

place | 77km ENE of Bunobogu, Indonesia

place | 49km NNE of Shwebo, Burma

place | 89km NNE of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 20km SSW of Champerico, Guatemala

place | 7km SSE of Ciudad Tecun Uman, Guatemala

place | 50km W of Sardinal, Costa Rica

place | 95km S of Atka, Alaska

place | 93km S of Unalaska, Alaska

place | 25km SE of L'Esperance Rock, New Zealand

place | 181km WSW of Bella Bella, Canada

place | 32km SSE of Taron, Papua New Guinea

place | 147km E of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | 104km SW of Atka, Alaska

place | 110km ESE of Adak, Alaska

place | 3km SW of Benzilan, China

place | 108km SW of Atka, Alaska

place | 71km S of Port-Vila, Vanuatu

place | 6km ENE of Ergong, China

place | 68km W of Sungaipenuh, Indonesia

place | 4km W of Benzilan, China

place | 121km SE of Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 136km SSW of Severo-Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 154km SSW of Sinabang, Indonesia

place | 82km SSW of Pagaralam, Indonesia

place | 207km SSW of Kangin, Indonesia

place | 21km ESE of Acapulco de Juarez, Mexico

place | 18km WNW of San Marcos, Mexico

place | 111km S of Little Sitkin Island, Alaska

place | 29km SSE of Blenheim, New Zealand

place | 106km WSW of Banda Aceh, Indonesia

place | 66km ENE of `Ohonua, Tonga

place | 34km WSW of Vallenar, Chile

place | 107km ENE of Poso, Indonesia

place | 17km WNW of Cuajinicuilapa, Mexico

place | 33km ESE of Blenheim, New Zealand

place | 30km SE of Blenheim, New Zealand

place | 30km ESE of Blenheim, New Zealand

place | 27km SE of Blenheim, New Zealand

place | 30km SSE of Blenheim, New Zealand

place | 61km ENE of Tagolu, Indonesia

place | 146km SSW of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea

place | 172km SW of Sungaipenuh, Indonesia

place | 96km S of Little Sitkin Island, Alaska

place | 63km SSE of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 3km S of Ometepec, Mexico

place | 101km WSW of Mutis, Colombia

place | 77km WSW of Puerto Madero, Mexico

place | 96km WSW of Paita, Peru

place | 141km W of Sardinal, Costa Rica

place | 43km N of Wangda, China

place | 94km WSW of Firuzabad, Iran

place | 21km SE of Iwaki, Japan

place | 144km E of Miyako, Japan

place | 16km E of Tecoanapa, Mexico

place | 87km S of Lakatoro, Vanuatu

place | 82km S of Lakatoro, Vanuatu

place | 121km SW of Ceva-i-Ra, Fiji

place | 115km SW of Ceva-i-Ra, Fiji

place | 28km WSW of Pueblo Nuevo Tiquisate, Guatemala

place | 115km S of Port Hardy, Canada

place | 54km ESE of Ishinomaki, Japan

place | 19km S of Kosai-shi, Japan

place | 17km E of Kishtwar, India

place | 16km ESE of Kishtwar, India

place | 82km NNE of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 120km S of Severo-Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 95km SSW of Little Sitkin Island, Alaska

place | 158km NNE of Bristol Island, South Sandwich Islands

place | 133km N of Ceva-i-Ra, Fiji

place | 136km NNE of Saumlaki, Indonesia

place | 83km SE of Yigo Village, Guam

place | 199km NE of Bristol Island, South Sandwich Islands

place | 183km W of Port Hardy, Canada

place | 159km SE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Russia

place | 76km NE of Miyako, Japan

place | 86km WNW of Bengkulu, Indonesia

place | 11km S of Hualian, Taiwan

place | 7km E of Amatignak Island, Alaska

place | 17km E of Ishikawa, Japan

place | 69km SE of Diego de Almagro, Chile

place | 244km WNW of Marion Island, Prince Edward Islands

place | 9km NNE of Chabu, China

place | South Shetland Islands

place | 15km SW of Nabire, Indonesia

place | 34km SSE of Madang, Papua New Guinea

place | 46km ESE of Blenheim, New Zealand

place | 234km W of Abepura, Indonesia

place | 103km ENE of Hasaki, Japan

place | 34km E of Namie, Japan

place | 122km SE of Gizo, Solomon Islands

place | 11km S of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 76km SSE of Lakatoro, Vanuatu

place | 30km SSE of Kamaishi, Japan

place | 34km E of Blenheim, New Zealand

place | 9km NNE of Utan, Indonesia

place | 60km WNW of Port-Vila, Vanuatu

place | 99km ENE of Lhokseumawe, Indonesia

place | 87km SE of Bristol Island, South Sandwich Islands

place | 181km NNE of Palmer Station, Antarctica

place | 33km SSW of Nemuro, Japan

place | 218km SSE of Bristol Island, South Sandwich Islands

place | 93km NE of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 76km S of Yonakuni, Japan

place | 127km S of La Libertad, El Salvador

place | 11km SSE of Damulog, Philippines

place | 28km N of Hualfin, Argentina

place | 158km SSE of Rudum, Yemen

place | 156km SSE of Rudum, Yemen

place | 156km WNW of Kimbe, Papua New Guinea

place | 173km SW of Sungaipenuh, Indonesia

place | 169km SW of Sungaipenuh, Indonesia

place | 101km ENE of Amahai, Indonesia

place | 112km ENE of Kyelang, India

place | 141km W of Farasan, Saudi Arabia

place | 31km SSW of El Rosario, El Salvador

place | 29km NE of Kandrian, Papua New Guinea

place | 57km WSW of Amatignak Island, Alaska

place | 36km ESE of Namie, Japan

place | 60km S of Bireun, Indonesia

place | 46km W of Kigorobya, Uganda

place | 74km ESE of Lar, Iran

place | 17km NNW of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 55km S of Bireun, Indonesia

place | 34km N of Karakul, Tajikistan

place | 62km E of Hualian, Taiwan

place | 42km NNE of Salyan, Nepal

place | 121km SE of Lolayan, Indonesia

place | 269km NW of Mohean, India

place | 83km E of Finschhafen, Papua New Guinea

place | 10km WSW of Nicoya, Costa Rica

place | 92km SSW of San Felix, Panama

place | 11km NNW of Pemenang, Indonesia

place | 129km SW of Merizo Village, Guam

place | 130km SW of Merizo Village, Guam

place | 2km SSW of Fivizzano, Italy

place | 85km ENE of Hachinohe, Japan

place | 63km NE of `Ohonua, Tonga

place | 81km S of Pirgos, Greece

place | Macquarie Island region

place | 15km NW of Copalillo, Mexico

place | 46km W of Masachapa, Nicaragua

place | 49km W of Masachapa, Nicaragua

place | 61km S of Pirgos, Greece

place | South of Panama

place | 186km ENE of Flying Fish Cove, Christmas Island

place | 86km E of Nago, Japan

place | 57km SW of Painan, Indonesia

place | 145km SW of Dadali, Solomon Islands

place | 68km ENE of Bristol Island, South Sandwich Islands

place | 116km NE of San Isidro, Philippines

place | 62km SW of Yonakuni, Japan

place | 5km SW of Koroni, Greece

place | 6km SSE of Naruto, Japan

place | 183km WSW of Abepura, Indonesia

place | 35km NE of Xitieshan, China

place | 54km SE of Pahala, Hawaii

place | 11km SW of Taron, Papua New Guinea

place | 71km NNE of Anatahan, Northern Mariana Islands

place | 242km E of Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 126km S of Bengkulu, Indonesia

place | 10km NNW of Linao, Philippines

place | 67km NW of Finschhafen, Papua New Guinea

place | 25km SE of Buli, Taiwan

place | 93km WSW of Jiquilillo, Nicaragua

place | 83km WSW of Chirovanga, Solomon Islands

place | 11km NNE of Banawa, Philippines

place | 87km SSW of Isangel, Vanuatu

place | South Pacific Ocean

place | 262km S of Muara Siberut, Indonesia

place | 11km NNW of Licuan, Philippines

place | 114km SSE of Katsuura, Japan

place | 137km SE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Russia

place | 12km SSW of Guabito, Panama

place | 211km N of Tamrida, Yemen

place | 8km ESE of Bejaia, Algeria

place | 19km NNE of Bulung'ur, Uzbekistan

place | 8km NNW of Buka, Uzbekistan

place | 9km NNW of Buka, Uzbekistan

place | 105km SSW of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea

place | 103km SSW of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea

place | 78km SW of Gerash, Iran

place | 143km ESE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Russia

place | 116km SSW of Ishigaki, Japan

place | 122km SE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Russia

place | 137km ESE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Russia

place | 120km E of Ust'-Kamchatsk Staryy, Russia

place | 95km SE of Minab, Iran

place | 92km SE of Minab, Iran

place | 50km NE of Namie, Japan

place | 70km NNE of Visokoi Island,

place | 82km NW of Riohacha, Colombia

place | 21km ESE of Taron, Papua New Guinea

place | 110km E of Maindong, China

place | 25km WSW of Taron, Papua New Guinea

place | 13km ESE of Ust'-Kamchatsk Staryy, Russia

place | 88km ENE of Shikotan, Russia

place | 65km ENE of Diego de Almagro, Chile

place | 58km SW of Puerto San Jose, Guatemala

place | 93km SSE of Minab, Iran

place | 81km ENE of Diego de Almagro, Chile

place | 29km SW of Nueva Concepcion, Guatemala

place | 197km S of Deputatskiy, Russia

place | 154km S of Cikawunggading, Indonesia

place | 236km ESE of Ishinomaki, Japan

place | 91km WSW of Firuzabad, Iran

place | 72km SW of Chimbote, Peru

place | 123km ENE of Bitung, Indonesia

place | 101km SW of Firuzabad, Iran

place | 59km WNW of Port-Vila, Vanuatu

place | 88km NNE of Sabang Indan, Philippines

place | 225km N of Scott Island Bank, Antarctica

place | 101km SSW of Ogotua, Indonesia

place | 38km WSW of Codrington, Barbuda

place | 29km ESE of Furnas, Portugal

place | 40km SW of Shagonar, Russia

place | 36km SW of Meulaboh, Indonesia

place | 11km ESE of Hasaki, Japan

place | East central Pacific Ocean

place | 51km SSE of Tanaga Volcano, Alaska

place | 66km SSE of Tanaga Volcano, Alaska

place | 114km ESE of Severo-Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 112km ESE of Severo-Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 164km ESE of Pagan, Northern Mariana Islands

place | 22km S of Changning, China

place | 50km WNW of Kirakira, Solomon Islands

place | 15km S of Mehtar Lam, Afghanistan

place | 31km N of Rabaul, Papua New Guinea

place | 250km SW of Tomatlan, Mexico

place | 118km SE of Severo-Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 119km SE of Severo-Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 43km ENE of Kulun, China

place | 91km S of Semisopochnoi Island, Alaska

place | 20km NNW of La Union, Mexico

place | 25km SSW of Tanaga Volcano, Alaska

place | 45km WSW of Linqiong, China

place | 47km WSW of Linqiong, China

place | 97km SE of Severo-Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 148km WSW of Bouvet Island, Bouvet Island

place | 55km WSW of Linqiong, China

place | 112km E of Miyako, Japan

place | 225km SSE of Baing, Indonesia

place | 22km WNW of Port-Olry, Vanuatu

place | 51km NE of Yonakuni, Japan

place | 244km SE of Sarangani, Philippines

place | 15km ENE of Ishinomaki, Japan

place | 47km NNE of Yonakuni, Japan

place | 9km NNE of Linao, Philippines

place | 92km SSE of Shimoda, Japan

place | 55km NNE of Yonakuni, Japan

place | 209km W of Abepura, Indonesia

place | 112km E of Khash, Iran

place | 23km WSW of Yuhu, China

place | 23km ESE of Aitape, Papua New Guinea

place | 88km SE of Muara Siberut, Indonesia

place | 72km S of Kotaagung, Indonesia

place | 125km SSW of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 52km SSW of Motuo, China

place | 28km ENE of Namie, Japan

place | 29km NNW of Finschhafen, Papua New Guinea

place | 6km WNW of Sumoto, Japan

place | 120km WSW of Vaini, Tonga

place | 26km NNE of El Coacoyul, Mexico

place | 255km W of Nadi, Fiji

place | 51km ESE of Myaydo, Burma

place | 130km NW of Tobelo, Indonesia

place | 5km S of San Juan Pueblo, Honduras

place | 94km SE of Bandar Bushehr, Iran

place | 95km WSW of Firuzabad, Iran

place | 89km SE of Bandar Bushehr, Iran

place | 38km SSW of Panyaungan Timur, Indonesia

place | 112km NNE of Visokoi Island,

place | 176km ESE of Pagan, Northern Mariana Islands

place | 60km SE of Palaiochora, Greece

place | 240km E of Enarotali, Indonesia

place | 52km SE of Iwaki, Japan

place | 43km WNW of Taron, Papua New Guinea

place | 143km SSW of Padangsidempuan, Indonesia

place | 152km ENE of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 11km WNW of Atoyac de Alvarez, Mexico

place | 52km NE of Visokoi Island,

place | 18km NE of Baler, Philippines

place | 175km E of Raoul Island, New Zealand

place | 46km NNW of Husavik, Iceland

place | 23km SE of Ofunato, Japan

place | 203km ENE of Ceva-i-Ra, Fiji

place | 169km W of Ferndale, California

place | 60km WNW of Mogok, Burma

place | 142km SW of Merizo Village, Guam

place | 62km SW of Chimbote, Peru

place | 70km SW of Diwopu, China

place | 29km ESE of Buli, Taiwan

place | 26km SSW of Teberda, Russia

place | 16km NE of Tambulatana, Indonesia

place | 19km WSW of Santiago Pinotepa Nacional, Mexico

place | 19km SW of Santiago Pinotepa Nacional, Mexico

place | 287km SW of Panenggoede, Indonesia

place | 64km S of Bristol Island, South Sandwich Islands

place | 216km ESE of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 187km S of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 167km NW of Ceva-i-Ra, Fiji

place | 62km ESE of Finschhafen, Papua New Guinea

place | Southwestern Atlantic Ocean

place | 259km ESE of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 238km ENE of Ceva-i-Ra, Fiji

place | 121km E of Bristol Island, South Sandwich Islands

place | 50km W of La Ligua, Chile

place | 61km NNW of Taltal, Chile

place | 46km ENE of Kandrian, Papua New Guinea

place | 53km WNW of Il'pyrskiy, Russia

place | 58km ESE of Finschhafen, Papua New Guinea

place | 60km ESE of Finschhafen, Papua New Guinea

place | 116km SW of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 14km NE of Nichinan, Japan

place | 125km ENE of Arzak, China

place | 65km E of Finschhafen, Papua New Guinea

place | 32km E of Finschhafen, Papua New Guinea

place | 133km SW of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea

place | Mariana Islands region

place | 154km ESE of Modayag, Indonesia

place | 85km ENE of Severo-Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 139km ENE of `Ohonua, Tonga

place | 180km SSW of Leksula, Indonesia

place | 43km NNE of Salyan, Nepal

place | 107km W of Ile Hunter, New Caledonia

place | 137km ENE of L'Esperance Rock, New Zealand

place | 96km NNE of Nago, Japan

place | 134km WSW of Druzhina, Russia

place | 84km E of Severo-Kuril'sk, Russia

place | 28km NNE of Vanj, Tajikistan

place | 135km ENE of Angoram, Papua New Guinea

place | 150km S of Bristol Island, South Sandwich Islands

place | 24km SSW of Karimganj, India

place | 89km SE of Ozernovskiy, Russia

place | 93km SE of Ozernovskiy, Russia

place | 84km SE of Ozernovskiy, Russia

place | 104km W of Port-Vila, Vanuatu

place | 175km W of Bandon, Oregon

place | 116km E of Nago, Japan

place | 68km ESE of `Ohonua, Tonga

place | Southern Pacific Ocean

place | 197km SSE of Nishinoomote, Japan

place | 43km S of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 260km NNE of Luring, China

place | 212km SE of Sigave, Wallis and Futuna

place | 189km E of Dili, East Timor

place | 44km S of Tanaga Volcano, Alaska

place | 140km SW of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 208km E of Dili, East Timor

place | 41km SSW of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 7km SSW of Huarancante, Peru

place | 45km SSE of Wairoa, New Zealand

place | 37km ESE of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | East of the Kuril Islands

place | 240km N of Chichi-shima, Japan

place | 20km S of Coahuayana, Mexico

place | 22km WSW of Coahuayana, Mexico

place | 207km SSE of Atka, Alaska

place | 52km E of Ohara, Japan

place | 56km SW of San Antonio, Chile

place | 15km S of Methoni, Greece

place | 35km S of Shikotan, Russia

place | 141km ESE of Pondaguitan, Philippines

place | 223km WNW of Pangai, Tonga

place | 120km SSW of Nabire, Indonesia

place | 137km WSW of Druzhina, Russia

place | 100km S of Sungaipenuh, Indonesia

place | 146km ENE of Amahai, Indonesia

place | 63km SE of Nishinoomote, Japan

place | 72km W of Tonopah, Nevada

place | 115km N of Saumlaki, Indonesia

place | 123km N of Saumlaki, Indonesia

place | 4km N of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 265km WNW of Da Qaidam Hu, China

place | 105km ESE of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 57km WNW of San Antonio, Chile

place | 46km WNW of San Antonio, Chile

place | 95km E of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 108km ESE of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 26km SE of Iwaki, Japan

place | 35km SW of Pasarbaru, Indonesia

place | 150km SW of Ile Hunter, New Caledonia

place | 76km E of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 69km E of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 120km NNW of Lorengau, Papua New Guinea

place | Santa Cruz Islands

place | 163km E of Hihifo, Tonga

place | 79km ENE of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 51km ENE of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 54km WNW of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 53km WNW of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 97km WNW of Naze, Japan

place | 135km ENE of Visokoi Island,

place | 252km N of Chichi-shima, Japan

place | 61km S of Taron, PNG

place | 43km ESE of Hualian, Taiwan

place | 32km WSW of Tugu Hilir, Indonesia

place | 41km SSW of Finschhafen, Papua New Guinea

place | 60km ENE of Lata, Solomon Islands

place | 94km SSE of Bengkulu, Indonesia

place | 56km NNE of Vallenar, Chile

place | 94km ENE of San Isidro, Philippines

place | 127km NNE of Dartang, China

place | 263km WNW of Bandon, Oregon

place | 60km SE of Kegen, Kazakhstan

place | Ryukyu Islands, Japan

place | southern East Pacific Rise

place | 82km W of Kuripan, Indonesia

place | 8km NW of Anakao, Madagascar

place | western Iran

place | Russia-Kazakhstan-Xinjiang border region

place | Fiji

place | Seram, Indonesia

place | off the coast of Aisen, Chile

place | Hindu Kush region, Afghanistan

place | 47km SSW of Sigli, Indonesia

place | 39km ENE of Kerman, Iran

place | 160km ENE of Ust'-Nera, Russia

place | south of the Mariana Islands

place | near the south coast of New Guinea, Papua New Guinea

place | Gulf of California

place | near the east coast of Honshu, Japan

place | north of Ascension Island

place | Papua, Indonesia

place | Solomon Islands

place | northern Sumatra, Indonesia

place | New Britain region, Papua New Guinea

place | off the west coast of northern Sumatra

place | Nepal

place | south of the Kermadec Islands

place | southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge

place | Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska

place | Aegean Sea

place | Oaxaca, Mexico

place | Southeastern Alaska

place | eastern New Guinea region, Papua New Guinea

place | Kepulauan Obi, Indonesia

place | 169km E of Hihifo, Tonga

place | South Sandwich Islands region

place | central Peru

place | offshore Chiapas, Mexico

place | Molucca Sea

place | Sunda Strait, Indonesia

place | Bismarck Sea

place | Komandorskiye Ostrova, Russia region

place | Kermadec Islands region

place | Tonga

place | Barbados region, Windward Islands

place | offshore Maule, Chile

place | Bio-Bio, Chile

place | Taiwan region

place | Black Sea, offshore Georgia

place | Pakistan

place | southwest of Sumatra, Indonesia

place | west of Macquarie Island

place | Kepulauan Talaud, Indonesia

place | offshore Atacama, Chile

place | near the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia

place | Turkey-Iran border region

place | Babuyan Islands region, Philippines

place | offshore El Salvador

place | off the east coast of Honshu, Japan

place | central East Pacific Rise

place | Sulawesi, Indonesia

place | Rota region, Northern Mariana Islands

place | New Ireland region, Papua New Guinea

place | off the coast of El Salvador

place | Near Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska

place | off the west coast of Baja California

place | offshore Guatemala

place | east of Severnaya Zemlya

place | Costa Rica

place | Kermadec Islands, New Zealand

place | Vanuatu

place | Mindanao, Philippines

place | New Guinea, Papua New Guinea

place | southern Xinjiang, China

place | Philippine Islands region

place | eastern Iran

place | Samoa Islands region

place | Southern Alaska

place | Taiwan

place | off the coast of Central America

place | near the north coast of New Guinea, Papua New Guinea

place | near the coast of northern Peru

place | northern Algeria

place | Bonin Islands, Japan region

place | southeast of the Loyalty Islands

place | southern Sumatra, Indonesia

place | offshore Libertador O'Higgins, Chile

place | Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile

place | south of Sumbawa, Indonesia

place | east of the South Sandwich Islands

place | southeast of Easter Island

place | Tonga region

place | Coquimbo, Chile

place | Negros, Philippines

place | Myanmar

place | Haida Gwaii, Canada

place | off the coast of Ecuador

place | Santa Cruz Islands region

place | Flores region, Indonesia

place | Java, Indonesia

place | Nias region, Indonesia

place | Bali Sea

place | south of Australia

place | western Indian-Antarctic Ridge

place | Vancouver Island, Canada region

place | northwestern Iran

place | Minahasa, Sulawesi, Indonesia

place | Kepulauan Sangihe, Indonesia

place | central Mid-Atlantic Ridge

place | near the north coast of Papua, Indonesia

place | Haida Gwaii Region, Canada

place | northern Peru

place | Cayman Islands region

place | Antofagasta, Chile

place | Iceland region

place | Madhya Pradesh, India

place | off the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia

place | offshore Coquimbo, Chile

place | Chiapas, Mexico

place | Azerbaijan

place | near the south coast of Papua, Indonesia

place | Luzon, Philippines

place | near the coast of Guatemala

place | northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge

place | Assam, India

place | off the coast of Jalisco, Mexico

place | east of the Volcano Islands

place | Nicobar Islands, India region

place | Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska

place | Baja California Sur, Mexico

place | south of Africa

place | Greece

place | central Mediterranean Sea

place | Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia

place | Kodiak Island region, Alaska

place | south of Java, Indonesia

place | Samar, Philippines

place | Kepulauan Mentawai region, Indonesia

place | northern Xinjiang, China

place | north of Severnaya Zemlya

place | Crete, Greece

place | Yunnan, China

place | Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou region, China

place | southern Iran

place | Gulf of Aden

place | Moro Gulf, Mindanao, Philippines

place | Svalbard region

place | Galapagos Islands, Ecuador region

place | Jan Mayen Island region

place | offshore Bio-Bio, Chile

place | Ceram Sea, Indonesia

place | Virgin Islands region

place | Halmahera, Indonesia

place | Southern California

place | Hokkaido, Japan region

place | off the coast of Washington

place | Vanuatu region

place | northern East Pacific Rise

place | Bougainville region, Papua New Guinea

place | Xinjiang-Xizang border region

place | Revilla Gigedo Islands region

place | Alaska Peninsula

place | Atacama, Chile

place | southwest of Africa

place | Turkey-Syria-Iraq border region

place | eastern Xizang

place | east of the North Island of New Zealand

place | Ross Sea

place | Kepulauan Tanimbar, Indonesia

place | north of Svalbard

place | Mauritius - Reunion region

place | Simeulue, Indonesia

place | near the coast of Nicaragua

place | offshore Northern California

place | near the coast of Tarapaca, Chile

place | Myanmar-India border region

place | near the coast of central Peru

place | south of the Fiji Islands

place | eastern Mediterranean Sea

place | Dominican Republic

place | Isla Chiloe, Los Lagos, Chile

place | northeastern Iran

place | Volcano Islands, Japan region

place | Dodecanese Islands, Greece

place | Sichuan-Yunnan border region, China

place | Gujarat, India

place | off the coast of Oregon

place | near the southeast coast of Australia

place | north of Franz Josef Land

place | Mendoza, Argentina

place | southwestern Siberia, Russia

place | near the south coast of Honshu, Japan

place | Antarctica

place | eastern Kazakhstan

place | State of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia

place | northern Italy

place | South Island of New Zealand

place | Norwegian Sea

place | Bulgaria

place | east of the Kuril Islands

place | north of Halmahera, Indonesia

place | south of Tonga

place | Tajikistan

place | Cyprus region

place | Gansu-Qinghai border region, China

place | Gansu-Nei Mongol border region, China

place | Iran-Iraq border region

place | off the coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico

place | Guatemala

place | Valparaiso, Chile

place | southern Greece

place | offshore Oaxaca, Mexico

place | Baja California, Mexico

place | Michoacan, Mexico

place | Kepulauan Kai, Indonesia

place | offshore Guerrero, Mexico

place | eastern Honshu, Japan

place | Tristan da Cunha region

place | Nepal-India border region

place | Chukotskiy Avtonomnyy Okrug, Russia

place | Maule, Chile

place | Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia

place | Leyte, Philippines

place | Comoros region

place | northwestern Kashmir

place | Mindoro, Philippines

place | Masbate region, Philippines

place | Haryana - Delhi region, India

place | central Iran

place | southwestern Ryukyu Islands, Japan

place | off the coast of Chiapas, Mexico

place | Bering Strait

place | Kashmir-Xinjiang border region

place | Crozet Islands region

place | western Xizang

place | southeast Indian Ridge

place | Northern California

place | Mozambique

place | near the coast of southern Peru

place | Negros - Cebu region, Philippines

place | Papua region, Indonesia

place | near the west coast of Honshu, Japan

place | near the coast of Ecuador

place | Kyrgyzstan

place | Kyushu, Japan

place | Catanduanes, Philippines

place | near the west coast of Colombia

place | off the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand

place | Lake Rudolf region, Kenya

place | San Juan, Argentina

place | northern Iran

place | offshore Valparaiso, Chile

place | off the coast of Araucania, Chile

place | Guam region

place | Salta, Argentina

place | Mona Passage, Puerto Rico

place | Sakhalin, Russia

place | Azores Islands, Portugal

place | Kepulauan Sula, Indonesia

place | Western Australia

place | off the coast of Antofagasta, Chile

place | east of Barbuda, Leeward Islands

place | Cook Strait, New Zealand

place | Panama-Costa Rica border region

place | Myanmar-China border region

place | Puerto Rico region

place | El Salvador

place | off the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand

place | southwestern Sakha, Russia

place | eastern Turkey

place | Araucania, Chile

place | East Timor region

place | Gansu, China

place | Sichuan-Gansu border region, China

place | near the coast of Antofagasta, Chile

place | Turkey-Iraq border region

place | Aisen, Chile

place | Palau region

place | southeast of Taiwan

place | Amurskaya Oblast', Russia

place | south of Bali, Indonesia

place | near the coast of Aisen, Chile

place | Jujuy, Argentina

place | Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska

place | Sumbawa region, Indonesia

place | Sikkim, India

place | Cuba region

place | Auckland Islands, New Zealand region

place | North Atlantic Ocean

place | south of Panama

place | north of Macquarie Island

place | central Mongolia

place | Kashmir-India border region

place | northern Qinghai, China

place | Saint Lucia region, Windward Islands

place | Uttaranchal, India

place | western Mediterranean Sea

place | near the south coast of western Honshu, Japan

place | southern Qinghai, China

place | South Georgia Island region

place | Eritrea - Ethiopia region

place | Kenai Peninsula, Alaska

place | D'Entrecasteaux Islands region

place | western Honshu, Japan

place | Xizang-Qinghai border region

place | northwest of Australia

place | North Island of New Zealand

place | western Sichuan, China

place | southern Pacific Ocean

place | Laos

place | Ethiopia

place | Mona Passage

place | Lake Albert region, Uganda

place | near the north coast of Colombia

place | western Mongolia

place | Santiago Del Estero, Argentina

place | southwestern Atlantic Ocean

place | southeastern Iran

place | South China Sea

place | Central Alaska

place | off the coast of Michoacan, Mexico

place | Georgia (Sak'art'velo)

place | southwestern Pakistan

place | near the coast of Yemen

place | Trinidad region, Trinidad and Tobago

place | Unimak Island region, Alaska

place | Pagan region, Northern Mariana Islands

place | Ionian Sea

place | off the coast of Valparaiso, Chile

place | Java Sea

place | Afghanistan-Pakistan border region

place | Djibouti region

place | Galapagos Triple Junction region

place | Batan Islands region, Philippines

place | Kepulauan Babar, Indonesia

place | western Turkey

place | northern Alaska

place | Sibuyan Sea, Philippines

place | Lake Rudolf region, Kenya-Ethiopia

place | eastern Sichuan, China

place | Tocantins-Goias border region, Brazil

place | off the coast of Bio-Bio, Chile

place | Tucuman, Argentina

place | Los Lagos, Chile

place | offshore Nayarit, Mexico

place | Peru-Ecuador border region

place | Bangladesh

place | Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan-Xinjiang border region

place | west of the Galapagos Islands

place | Kepulauan Aru region, Indonesia

place | Turkmenistan-Iran border region

place | Red Sea

place | Tanzania

place | Magadanskaya Oblast', Russia

place | Colombia

place | Bering Sea

place | northern Colombia

place | Gulf of Paria, Venezuela

place | off the coast of northern Peru

place | Ontario-Quebec border region, Canada

place | Biak region, Indonesia

place | Lake Victoria region, Kenya

place | off the coast of Sinaloa, Mexico

place | Himachal Pradesh, India

place | southeast of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

place | Savu Sea

place | Flores Sea

place | Timor Sea

place | Guadeloupe region, Leeward Islands

place | Timor region, Indonesia

place | central Afghanistan

place | Ecuador

place | off the coast of Libertador O'Higgins, Chile

place | offshore Jalisco, Mexico

place | south of the Aleutian Islands

place | Lake Baykal region, Russia

place | offshore Araucania, Chile

place | Admiralty Islands region, Papua New Guinea

place | offshore Los Lagos, Chile

place | Neuquen, Argentina

place | Region Metropolitana, Chile

place | off the coast of Maule, Chile

place | northwest of New Zealand

place | north of Honduras

place | Shaanxi-Shanxi border region, China

place | Santa Cruz, Bolivia

place | east central Pacific Ocean

place | Haiti region

place | Caspian Sea, offshore Turkmenistan

place | Bhutan

place | near the coast of Libya

place | southern Peru

place | west of Gibraltar

place | Xinjiang-Gansu border region, China

place | Malawi

place | Rodrigues region, Mauritius

place | east of Martinique, Windward Islands

place | Columbus Channel, Trinidad and Tobago

place | north of Panama

place | Lake Tanganyika region, Dem. Republic of the Congo-Tanzania

place | off the coast of Costa Rica

place | offshore Veracruz, Mexico

place | offshore Colima, Mexico

place | Kyrgyzstan-Xinjiang border region

place | Samoa Islands

place | near the north coast of Chukotskiy Avtonomnyy Okrug, Russia

place | offshore Carabobo, Venezuela

place | Kepulauan Batu, Indonesia

place | Albania

place | off the south coast of Australia

place | Black Sea

place | Sonora, Mexico

place | Namibia

place | Gulf of Alaska

place | Iraq

place | Sumba region, Indonesia

place | Durango, Mexico

place | Baffin Bay

place | Panama

place | Celebes Sea

place | Honduras

place | Turkey-Syria border region

place | offshore Honduras

place | Turkmenistan

place | north of Anguilla, Leeward Islands

place | Puebla, Mexico

place | western Saudi Arabia

place | eastern Uzbekistan

place | near the coast of southeastern Iran

place | Arctic Ocean

place | India-Pakistan border region

place | central Italy

place | Azores-Cape St. Vincent Ridge

place | Timor region

place | Buru, Indonesia

place | Alamagan region, Northern Mariana Islands

place | Lake Victoria region, Tanzania

place | Kepulauan Alor, Indonesia

place | Kazakhstan-Xinjiang border region

place | near the south coast of Myanmar

place | off the coast of Pakistan

place | Saipan region, Northern Mariana Islands

place | off the coast of Northern California

place | Democratic Republic of the Congo

place | central Turkey

place | Caucasus region, Russia

place | off the coast of Colima, Mexico

place | Northwest Territories, Canada

place | Maharashtra, India

place | Lake Tanganyika region

place | Tarapaca, Chile

place | western Xizang-India border region

place | Russia-Mongolia border region

place | Anatahan region, Northern Mariana Islands

place | offshore Sucre, Venezuela

place | northwest of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

place | Greater Los Angeles area, California

place | Laptev Sea

place | northeastern Sakha, Russia

place | Sabah, Malaysia

place | Golfe de Tadjoura, Djibouti

place | western Kazakhstan

place | Illinois

place | south of Alaska

place | off the coast of Los Lagos, Chile

place | North Pacific Ocean

place | Zulia, Venezuela

place | Lebanon - Syria region

place | Rwanda

place | Martinique region, Windward Islands

place | Lac Kivu region, Democratic Republic of the Congo

place | northern Yukon Territory, Canada

place | near the coast of Oaxaca, Mexico

place | eastern Kashmir

place | Chuquisaca, Bolivia

place | eastern Xizang-India border region

place | India-Bangladesh border region

place | San Francisco Bay area, California

place | Sulu Archipelago, Philippines

place | Galapagos Islands, Ecuador

place | Lombok region, Indonesia

place | Peru-Bolivia border region

place | off the coast of central Peru

place | Kerguelen Islands region

place | Bay of Bengal

place | Apure, Venezuela

place | Greece-Albania border region

place | northwest of Madagascar

place | Colombia-Venezuela border region

place | Lake Albert region, Congo-Uganda

place | Gulf of Mexico

place | Shikoku, Japan

place | Reunion region

place | near the east coast of Koryakskiy Avtonomnyy Okrug, Russia

place | Antigua and Barbuda region, Leeward Islands

place | Kalimantan, Indonesia

place | Islas Marias region, Nayarit, Mexico

place | Afghanistan-Tajikistan-Pakistan region

place | Maug Islands region, Northern Mariana Islands

place | British Columbia, Canada

place | southwest of Australia

place | offshore Baja California Sur, Mexico

place | Hawaii region, Hawaii

place | Golfo de Fonseca, Honduras

place | southeastern Sakha, Russia

place | Maui region, Hawaii

place | Gulf of Thailand

place | Christmas Island region, Australia

place | Mozambique Channel

place | Tokelau

place | Trujillo, Venezuela

place | south of Lombok, Indonesia

place | Iran-Pakistan border region

place | Zambia

place | northeast of Barbados, Windward Islands

place | French Guiana

place | off the coast of Tarapaca, Chile

place | Lake Edward region, Uganda

place | Koryakskiy Avtonomnyy Okrug, Russia

place | near the coast of Syria

place | Golfo de Venezuela

place | eastern Sea of Japan

place | Hubei-Jiangxi border region, China

place | near the coast of western Turkey

place | Marshall Islands region

place | southwestern Kashmir

place | Bosnia and Herzegovina

place | Southern Yukon Territory, Canada

Limites des Plaques tectoniques
Limites des Plaques tectoniques à n'observer qu'à une altitude de + de 2000 km

Continental Convergent Boundary

Continental Rift Boundary

Continental Transform Fault

Oceanic Convergent Boundary

Oceanic Spreading Rift

Oceanic Transform Fault

Subduction Zone

Plate Convergence

Convergence Arrows

39 mm/yr

58 mm/yr

73 mm/yr

Convergence Arrow Descriptions

Convergence is approximately 39 mm per year.
Convergence data are shown by arrows describing direction and speed, relative to the plate across the boundary.
For more information, see This Dynamic Planet.

Convergence is approximately 58 mm per year.
Convergence data are shown by arrows describing direction and speed, relative to the plate across the boundary.
For more information, see This Dynamic Planet.

Convergence is approximately 73 mm per year.
Convergence data are shown by arrows describing direction and speed, relative to the plate across the boundary.
For more information, see This Dynamic Planet.

>

Rift Assal-Goubet

Carte géologique simplifiée du rift d'Asal émergé
Copyright 2000-2006 . Jean-Paul Berger et Antoine-Marie Caminiti.

Legende-carte geol

Lac Asal
Cette dépression se situe à -157 m au dessous du niveau de la mer.
Pour avoir des informations sur le lac Asal,caractéristiques, alimentation en eau ... cliquer sur le lien suivant : http://www.jpb-imagine.com/djibgeol/asal/arret15.html

Voir le MOHO
coupe géologique perpendiculaire au rift d' Asal

Profil topographique
Cliquer sur le trait rouge avec le bouton droit de la souris et afficher le profil de dénivelé

Ardoukoba
NOM = Ardoukoba
LATITUDE = 11,58°N
LONGITUDE = 42,47°E
LOCALISATION = Djibouti
ALTITUDE = 298m
TYPE = Fissural
AGE = Historica
DERNIERE ERUPTION CONNUE = 1978
Du 7 au 14 novembre 1978 des séismes intenses ont ébranlé le rift plusieurs fois par jour, les plaques se sont écatées de 2 m en quelques secondes,il y eu un effondrement de 70 cm et la naissance d'un volcan, l'Ardoukoba. En 7 jours, un volume de basalte de 16 millions de m3 a été créé.
Pour en savoir plus cliquer sur les liens suivants :
Géologie du rift s'Asal.
Observatoire Volcanologique de Djibouti.
photographie de l'Ardoukoba prise par Estelle JEANNE
Voir d'autres photos http://danakil.ethiopia.free.fr/goubet.htm